Surfactants and Bacterial Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil—Unlocking the Targets

REFERENCES

• Abalos , A. , Pinazo , A. , Infante , M. R. , Casals , M. , Garcia , F. and Manresa , A. 2001 . Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of new rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AT10 from soybean oil refinery wastes . Langmuir , 17 : 1367 – 1371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken , M.D. , Stringfellow , W.T. , Nagel , R.D. , Kazunga , C. and Chen , S.H. 1998 . Characteristics of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria isolated from soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 44 : 743 – 752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang , E. L. , Zhao , H. and Obbard , J P. 2005 . Recent advances in the bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants via biomolecular engineering . Enzyme and Microbial Technology , 37 : 487 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annweiler , E. , Michaelis , W. and Meckenstock , R. U. 2002 . Identical ring cleavage products during anaerobic degradation of naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and tetralin indicate a new metabolic pathway . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 68 : 852 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronstein , B. N. and Alexander , M. 1993 . Effect of a non-ionic surfactant added to the soil surface on the biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons within the soil . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 39 : 386 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas , R. and Philip , J. 2005 . Bioremediation—Applied microbial solutions for real-world environmental cleanup , Washington, DC: ASM Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bach , Q. D. , Kim , S. J. , Choi , S. C. and Oh , Y. S. 2005 . Enhancing the intrinsic bioremediation of PAH-contaminated anoxic estuarine sediments with biostimulating agents . Journal of Microbiology , 43 : 319 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai , G. , Brusseau , M. L. and Miller , R. M. 1997 . Biosurfactant-enhanced removal of residual hydrocarbon from soil . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 25 : 157 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamforth , S. M. and Singleton , I. 2005 . Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Current knowledge and future directions . Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology , 80 : 723 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banat , I. M. 1995 . Biosurfactants production and possible uses in microbial enhanced oil recovery and oil pollution remiedlation: A review . Bioresource Technology , 51 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banat , I. M. , Makkar , R. S. and Cameotra , S. S. 2000 . Potential commercial applications of microbial surfactants . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 53 : 495 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bento , F. M. , De Oliveira Camargo , F. A. , Okeke , B. C. and Frankenberger , W. T. Jr. 2005 . Diversity of biosurfactant producing microorganisms isolated from soils contaminated with diesel oil . Microbiological Research , 160 : 249 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn , J. W. and Hafker , W. R. 1993 . The impact of biochemistry, bioavailability and bioactivity on the selection of bioremediation techniques . Trends in Biotechnology , 11 : 328 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodour , A. A. , Guerrero-Barajas , C. , Jiorle , B. V. , Malcomson , M. E. , Paull , A. K. , Somogyi , A. and Maier , R. M. 2004 . Structure and characterization of flavolipids, a novel class of biosurfactants produced by Flavobacterium sp. strain MTN11 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 70 : 114 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffetta , P. , Jourenkova , N. and Gustavsson , P. 1997 . Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Cancer Causes and Control , 8 : 444 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldrin , B. , Tiehm , A. and Fritzsche , C. 1993 . Degradation of phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene by a Mycobacterium sp . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 59 : 1927 – 1930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla , M. , Olivaro , C. , Corona , M. , Vazquez , A. and Soubes , M. 2005 . Production and characterization of a new bioemulsifier from Pseudomonas putida ML2 . Journal of Applied Microbiology , 98 : 456 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boopathy , R. 2000 . Factors limiting bioremediation technologies . Bioresource Technology , 74 : 63 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostrom , C. , Gerde , P. , Hanberg , A. , Jernstrom , B. , Johansson , C. , Kyrklund , T. and Westerholm , R. 2002 . Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air . Environmental Health Perspectives , 3 : 451 – 488 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouchez , M. , Blanchet , D. , Bardin , V. , Haeseler , F. and Vandecasteele , J. P. 1999 . Efficiency of defined strains and of soil consortia in the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures . Biodegradation , 10 : 429 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchez , M. , Blanchet , D. , Haeseler , F. and Vandecasteele , J.P. 1996 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment . Microbial Degradation , 51 : 797 – 828 .
   Google Scholar
• Bouwer , E. J. , Zhang , W. , Wilson , L. P. and Durant , N. D. 1997 . Biotreatment of PAH-contaminated soils/sediments . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 829 : 103 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boving , T. B. and Brusseau , M. L. 2000 . Solubilization and removal of residual trichloroethene from porous media: Comparison of several solubilization agents . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 42 : 51 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bury , S. J. and Miller , C. A. 1993 . Effect of micellar solubilization on biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons . Environmental Science and Technology , 27 : 104 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldini , G. , Cenci , G. , Manenti , R. and Morozzi , G. 1995 . The ability of an environmental isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens to utilize chrysene and other four-ring porynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 44 : 225 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameotra , S. S. and Bollag , J.-M. 2003 . Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 33 : 111 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerniglia , C. E. 1984 . Microbial metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Advances in Applied Microbiology , 30 : 31 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerniglia , C. E. 1992 . Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Biodegradation , 3 : 351 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Cerniglia , C. E. 1993 . Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 4 : 331 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Champion , J. T. , Gilkey , J. C. , Lamparski , H. , Retterer , J. and Miller , R. M. 1995 . Electron microscopy of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) morphology: Effects of pH, cadmium, and octadecane . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 170 : 569 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , S. H. and Aitken , M. D. 1999 . Salicylate stimulates the degradation of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas saccharophila PI5 . Environmental Science and Technology , 33 : 435 – 439 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , H. Y. , Woo , S. H. and Park , J. M. 2006 . Effects of intermediate metabolites on phenanthrene biodegradation . Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 16 : 969 – 973 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christofi , N. and Ivshina , I. B. 2002 . Microbial surfactants and their use in field studies of soil remediation . Journal of Applied Microbiology , 93 : 915 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , P. F. , Dudley , R. J. and Churchill , S. A. 1995 . Surfactant-enhanced bioremediation . Waste Management , 15 : 371 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates , J. D. , Anderson , R. T. and Lovley , D. R. 1996 . Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under sulfate-reducing conditions . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 62 : 1099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors , M. A. and Barnsley , E. A. 1982 . Naphthalene plasmids in pseudomonads . Journal of Bacteriology , 149 : 1096 – 1101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutright , T. J. and Lee , S. 1994 . Remediation of PAH-contaminated soil using Achromobacter sp . Energy Sources , 16 : 279 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton , H. and Stirling , D. I. 1982 . Co-metabolism . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences , 297 : 481 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels , R. , Vanderleyden , J. and Michiels , J. 2004 . Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria . FEMS Microbiology Reviews , 28 : 261 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , K. and Mukherjee , A. K. 2007 . Crude petroleum-oil biodegradation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from a petroleum-oil contaminated soil from North-East India . Bioresource Technology , 98 : 1339 – 1345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean-Ross , D. , Moody , J. and Cerniglia , C. E. 2002 . Utilization of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria isolated from contaminated sediment . FEMS Microbiology Ecology , 41 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai , J. D. and Banat , I. M. 1997 . Microbial production of surfactants and their commercial potential . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews , 61 : 47 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschenes , L. , Lafrance , P. , Villeneuve , J. P. and Samson , R. 1996 . Adding sodium dodecyl sulfate and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 biosurfactants inhibits polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation in a weathered creosote-contaminated soil . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 46 : 638 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deziel , E. , Paquette , G. , Villemur , R. , Lepine , F. and Bisaillon , J. G. 1996 . Biosurfactant production by a soil Pseudomonas strain growing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 62 : 1908 – 1912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton , R. W. and Chapman , P. J. 1992 . Bacterial metabolism of naphthalene: Construction and use of recombinant bacteria to study ring cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene and subsequent reactions . Journal of Bacteriology , 174 : 7542 – 7554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England , L. S. , Hung , L. and Trevors , J. T. 1993 . Bacterial survival in soil: Effect of clays and protozoa . Soil Biology & Biochemistry , 25 : 525 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errampalli , D. , Okamura , H. , Lee , H. , Trevors , J. T. and Van Elsas , J. D. 1998 . Green fluorescent protein as a marker to monitor survival of phenanthrene-mineralizing Pseudomonas sp. UG14Gr in creosote-contaminated soil . FEMS Microbiology Ecology , 26 : 181 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foght , J. M. and Westlake , D. W.S. 1988 . Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles by a Pseudomonas species . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 34 : 1135 – 1141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego , J. R. , Fernandez , J. R. , Diez-Sanz , F. , Ordonez , S. , Sastre , H. , Gonzalez-Rojas , E. and Sanchez , J. 2007 . Bioremediation for shoreline cleanup: In situ vs. on-site treatments . Environmental Engineering Science , 24 : 493 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , R. M. , Mallory , L. M. and Alexander , M. 1985 . Reasons for possible failure of inoculation to enhance biodegradation . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 50 : 977 – 983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal , A. K. and Zylstra , G. J. 1997 . Genetics of naphthalene and phenanthrene degradation by Comamonas testosteroni . Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , 19 : 401 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso , D. , Subramaniam , K. , Pignatello , J. J. , Yang , Y. and Ratte , D. 2001 . Micellar desorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 194 : 65 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosser , R. J. , Warshawsky , D and Vestal , J. R . 1991 . Indigenous and enhanced mineralization of pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and carbazole in soils . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 57 : 3462 – 3469 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin , T. F. 1999 . Bioremediation of phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in creosote contaminated soil using ex-situ land treatment . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 65 : 305 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha , S. and Jaffe , P. R. 1996 . Biodegradation kinetics of phenanthrene partitioned into the micellar phase of nonionic surfactants . Environmental Science and Technology , 30 : 605 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guha , S. , Jaffe , P. R. and Peters , C. A. 1998 . Bioavailability of mixtures of PAHs partitioned into the micellar phase of a nonionic surfactant . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 2317 – 2324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haba , E. , Pinazo , A. , Jauregui , O. , Espuny , M. J. , Infante , M. R. and Manresa , A. 2003 . Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial properties of rhamnolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 47T2 NCBIM 40044 . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 81 : 316 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao , R. , Wan , H. F. , Song , Y. T. , Jiang , H. and Peng , S. L. 2007 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of the southern Subtropics, China . Pedosphere , 17 : 673 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms , H. and Wick , L. Y. 2006 . Dispersing pollutant-degrading bacteria in contaminated soil without touching it . Engineering in Life Sciences , 6 : 252 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , S. , Elashvili , I. , Valdes , J. J. , Kamely , D. and Chakrabarty , A. M. 1990 . Enhanced removal of Exxon Valdez spilled oil from Alaskan gravel by a microbial surfactant . Bio/Technology , 8 : 228 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedlund , B. P. , Geiselbrecht , A. D. , Bair , T. J. and Staley , J. T. 1999 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by a new marine bacterium, Neptunomonas naphthovorans gen. nov., sp. nov . Apptied and Environmental Microbiology , 65 : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitkamp , M. A. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1988 . Mineralization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a bacterium isolated from sediment below an oil field . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 54 : 1612 – 1614 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitkamp , M. A. , Franklin , W. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1988 . Microbial metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: isolation and characterization of a pyrene-degrading bacterium . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 54 : 2549 – 2555 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitkamp , M. A. , Freeman , J. P. , Miller , D. W. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1988 . Pyrene degradation by a Mycobacterium sp.: Identification of ring oxidation and ring fission products. Applied and Environmental Microbiology . 54 : 2556 – 2565 .
   Google Scholar
• Heitkamp , M. A. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1989 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by a Mycobacterium sp. in microcosms containing sediment and water from a pristine ecosystem . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 55 : 1968 – 1973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , N. D. , Abazinge , M. , Johnson , E. and Jackson , T. 2005 . Morphology and release profiles of biodegradable microparticles containing rhamnolipid biosurfactant . Bioremediation Journal , 9 : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , A. M. , Gordon , L. , Dobson , A. D. W. , Kelly , C. T. and Doyle , E. M. 2007 . Effect of surfactants on fluoranthene degradation by Pseudomonas alcaligenes PA-10 . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 74 : 851 – 856 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeppel , R. E. , Hinchee , R. E. and Arthur , M. F. 1991 . Bioventing soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons . Journal of Industrial Microbiology , 8 : 141 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , J. B. , Beckles , D. M. , Chandra , S. D. and Ward , C. H. 1997 . Utilization of bioremediation processes for the treatment of PAH-contaminated sediments . Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , 18 : 152 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang , S. and Cutright , T. J. 2004 . Preliminary exploration of the relationships between soil characteristics and PAH desorption and biodegradation . Environment International , 29 : 887 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , D. K. , Lee , H. and Trevors , J. T. 1992 . Effect of addition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 inocula or biosurfactants on biodegradation of selected hydrocarbons in soil . Journal of Industrial Microbiology , 10 : 87 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , K. B. , Michelsen , D. L. and Novak , J. T. 1993 . Application of oxygen microbubbles for in situ biodegradation of p-xylene-contaminated groundwater in a soil column . Biotechnology Progress , 9 : 394 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings , E. M. and Tanner , R. S. 2004 . The effects of a Bacillus biosurfactant on methanogenic hexadecane degradation . Bioremediation Journal , 8 : 79 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Juhasz , A. L. and Naidu , R. 2000 . Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review of the microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene . International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation , 45 : 57 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , I. , Freeman , J. P. and Cerniglia , C. E. 1990 . Identification of metabolites from degradation of naphthalene by a Mycobacterium sp . Biodegradation , 1 : 283 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilbane , J. J. II , Chowdiah , P. , Kayser , K. J. , Misra , B. , Jackowski , K. A. , Srivastava , V. J. and Hayes , T. D. 1997 . Remediation of contaminated soils using foams . Land Contamination and Reclamation , 5 : 41 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , I. S. , Park , J.-S. and Kim , K.-W. 2001 . Enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using nonionic surfactants in soil slurry . Applied Geochemistry , 16 : 1419 – 1428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komatsu , T. , Omori , T. and Kudana , T. 1993 . Microbial degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons acenaphthene and acenaphthylene by a pure bacterial culture . Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry , 57 : 864 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komukai-Nakamura , S. , Sugiura , K. , Yamauchi-Inomata , Y. , Toki , H. , Venkateswaran , K. , Yamamoto , S. and Harayama , S. 1996 . Construction of bacterial consortia that degrade Arabian light crude oil . Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering , 82 : 570 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Kosaric , N. 2001 . Biosurfactants and their application for soil bioremediation . Food Technology and Biotechnology , 39 : 295 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmer , A. , Bock , H. and Wagner , F. 1982 . Chemical and physical characterization of interfacial-active lipids from Rhodococcus erythropolis grown on n-alkanes . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 44 : 864 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiper , I. , Lagendijk , E. L. , Pickford , R. , Derrick , J. P. , Lamers , G. E. M. , Thomas-Oates , J. E. and Bloemberg , G. V. 2004 . Characterization of two Pseudomonas putida lipopeptide biosurfactants, putisolvin I and II, which inhibit biofilm formation and break down existing biofilms . Molecular Microbiology , 51 : 97 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGrega , M. D. , Buckingham , P. L. and Evans , J. C. 1994 . Hazardous waste management , New York, NY : McGraw–Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Laha , S. and Luthy , R. G. 1991 . Inhibition of phenanthrene mineralization by nonionic surfactants in soil-water systems . Environmental Science and Technology , 25 : 1920 – 1930 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laha , S. and Luthy , R. G. 1992 . Effects of nonionic surfactants on the solubilization and mineralization of phenanthrene in soil-water systems . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 40 : 1367 – 1380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , S. 2002 . Biological amphiphiles (microbial biosurfactants) . Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science , 7 : 12 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , S. and Philp , J. C. 1998 . Surface-active lipids in rhodococci. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek . International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology , 74 : 59 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewtas , J. 2007 . Air pollution combustion emissions: Characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects . Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research , 636 : 95 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , S. C. 1996 . Biosurfactants: Recent advances . Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology , 66 : 109 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen , T. and Kristensen , P. 1997 . Effects of bacterial inoculation and nonionic surfactants on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 16 : 631 – 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkar , R. S. and Cameotra , S. S. 2002 . An update on the use of unconventional substrates for biosurfactant production and their new applications . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 58 : 428 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkar , R. S. and Rockne , K. J. 2003 . Comparison of synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants in enhancing biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 22 : 2280 – 2292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margesin , R. and Schinner , F. 2001 . Bioremediation (natural attenuation and biostimulation) of diesel-oil-contaminated soil in an alpine glacier skiing area . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 67 : 3127 – 3133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastrangelo , G. , Fadda , E. and Marzia , V. 1996 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man . Environmental Health Perspectives , 104 : 1166 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meckenstock , R. U. , Annweiler , E. , Michaelis , W. , Richnow , H. H. and Schink , B. 2000 . Anaerobic naphthalene degradation by a sulfate-reducing enrichment culture . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 66 : 2743 – 2747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez-Vega , D. , Gallego , J. L. R. , Pelaez , A. I. , Fernandez de Cordoba , G. , Moreno , J. , Munoz , D. and Sanchez , J. 2007 . Engineered in situ bioremediation of soil and groundwater polluted with weathered hydrocarbons . European Journal of Soil Biology , 43(5–6) : 310 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menn , F. M. , Applegate , B. M. and Sayler , G. S. 1993 . NAH plasmid-mediated catabolism of anthracene and phenanthrene to naphthoic acids . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 59 : 1938 – 1942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihelcic , J. R. , Lueking , D. R. , Mitzell , R. J. and Stapleton , J. M. 1993 . Bioavailability of sorbed- and separate-phase chemicals . Biodegradation , 4 : 141 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Mihelcic , J. R. and Luthy , R. G. 1988 . Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds under various redox conditions in soil-water systems . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 54 : 1182 – 1187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R. M. 1995 . Biosurfactant-facilitated remediation of metal-contaminated soils . Environmental Health Perspectives , 103 : 59 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra , S. , Jyot , J. , Kuhad , R. C. and Lal , B. 2001 . Evaluation of inoculum addition to stimulate in situ bioremediation of oily-sludge-contaminated soil . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 67 : 1675 – 1681 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. and Watkinson , R. J. 1992 . Factors limiting the supply and efficiency of nutrient and oxygen supplements for the in situ biotreatment of contaminated soil and groundwater . Water Research , 26 : 73 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , J. , Cerniglia , C. and Pritchard , P. 1996 . Bioremediation of environments contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Bioremediation: Principles and Applications , : 125 – 194 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
   Google Scholar
• Mueller , J. G. , Chapman , P. J. , Blattmann , B. O. and Pritchard , P. H. 1990 . Isolation and characterization of a fluoranthene-utilizing strain of Pseudomonas paucimobilis . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 56 : 1079 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C. N. and Eftekhari , F. 2003 . Remediation with surfactant foam of PCP-contaminated soil . Engineering Geology , 70 : 269 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan , C. N. , Yong , R. N. and Gibbs , B. F. 2001 . Surfactant-enhanced remediation of contaminated soil: A review . Engineering Geology , 60 : 371 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , D. 1999 . Surfaces, interfaces, and colloids: Principles and applications , New York, NY : Wiley-VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Neilson , J. W. , Pierce , S. A. and Maier , R. M. 1999 . Factors influencing expression of luxCDABE and nah genes in Pseudomonas putida RB1353(NAH7, pUTK9) in dynamic systems . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 65 : 3473 – 3482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Zealand Ministry for the Environment . 1999 . Guidelines for assessing and managing petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in New Zealand , Report ME245. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry for Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Ochsner , U. A. , Koch , A. K. , Fiechter , A. and Reiser , J. 1994 . Isolation and characterization of a regulatory gene affecting rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Journal of Bacteriology , 176 : 2044 – 2054 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Technology Assessment . 1991 . Bioremediation of marine oil spills: An analysis of oil spill response technologies , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Platt , A. , Shingler , V. , Taylor , S. C. and Williams , P. A. 1995 . The 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) encoded by the nahM and nahO genes of the naphthalene catabolic plasmid pWW60–22 provide further evidence of conservation of meta-cleavage pathway gene sequences . Microbiology , 141 : 2223 – 2233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pott , B. M. , Berg , U. , Henrysson , T. and Mattiasson , B. 2000 . Bioremediation in lab-scale of creosote contaminated soil from a wood preservation site in Sweden . Resource and Environmental Biotechnology , 3 : 73 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard , P. H. , Mueller , J. G. , Rogers , J. C. , Kremer , F. V. and Glaser , J. A. 1992 . Oil spill bioremediation: Experiences, lessons and results from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska . Biodegradation , 3 : 315 – 335 .
   Google Scholar
• Providenti , M. A. , Lee , H. and Trevors , J. T. 1993 . Selected factors limiting the microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds . Journal of Industrial Microbiology , 12 : 379 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Rahman , K. S. M. , Rahman , T. J. , Lakshmanaperumalsamy , P. , Marchant , R. and Banat , I. M. 2003 . The potential of bacterial isolates for emulsification with a range of hydrocarbons . Acta Biotechnologica , 23 : 335 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Rockne , K. J. and Strand , S. E. 1998 . Biodegradation of bicyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic enrichments . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 3962 – 3967 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , S. W. , Ong , S. K. , Kjartanson , B. H. , Golchin , J. and Stenback , G. A. 2002 . Natural attenuation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites: Review . Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management , 6 : 141 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Roongsawang , N. , Thaniyavarn , J. , Thaniyavarn , S. , Kameyama , T. , Haruki , M. , Imanaka , T. and Kanaya , S. 2002 . Isolation and characterization of a halotolerant Bacillus subtilis BBK-1 which produces three kinds of lipopeptides: Bacillomycin L, plipastatin, and surfactin . Extremophiles , 6 : 499 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , E. and Ron , E. Z. 1999 . High- and low-molecular-mass microbial surfactants . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 52 : 154 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothmel , R. K. , Peters , R. W. St. , Martin , E. and Deflaun , M. F. 1998 . Surfactant foam/bioaugmentation technology for in situ treatment of TCE-DNAPLs . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 : 1667 – 1675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouse , J. D. , Sabatini , D. A. , Suflita , J. M. and Harwell , J. H. 1994 . Influence of surfactants on microbial degradation of organic compounds . Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology , 24 : 325 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruberto , L. A. M. , Vazquez , S. C. , Curtosi , A. , Mestre , M. , Pelletier , E. and Cormack , W. P. M. 2006 . Phenanthrene biodegradation in soils using an Antarctic bacterial consortium . Bioremediation Journal , 10 : 191 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Rumbiyant , E. , Hermiani , F. , Aji , B. S. and Nugraha , S. Paper presented at the 2005 SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety and Environment Conference and Exhibition—Proceedings . Crude oil contaminated soil clean up with bioremediation: A case study and implementations in Minas Field, Indonesia , , 19–21 September, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
   Google Scholar
• Sabate , J. , Grifoll , M. , Vinas , M. and Solanas , A. M. 1999 . Isolation and characterization of a 2-methylphenanthrene utilizing bacterium: Identification of ring cleavage metabolites . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 52 : 704 – 712 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanta , S. K. , Singh , O. V. and Jain , R. K. 2002 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Environmental pollution and bioremediation . Trends in Biotechnology , 20 : 243 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanseverino , J. , Applegate , B. M. , King , J. M. H. and Sayler , G. S. 1993 . Plasmid-mediated mineralization of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and anthracene . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 59 : 1931 – 1937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , J. A. , Lee , M.-K. , Wolf , L. W. , Morton , C. M. , Feng , Y. , Thomson , I. and Park , S. 2005 . Geochemical, microbiological, and geophysical assessments of anaerobic immobilization of heavy metals . Bioremediation Journal , 9 : 33 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Sayler , G. S. , Shields , M. S. and Tedford , E. T. 1985 . Application of DNA-DNA colony hybridization to the detection of catabolic genotypes in environmental samples . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 49 : 1295 – 1303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer , A. , Ustohal , P. , Harms , H. , Stauffer , F. , Dracos , T. and Zehnder , A. J. B. 1998 . Transport of bacteria in unsaturated porous media . Journal of Contaminant Hydrology , 33 : 149 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibenbogen , K. , Zytner , R. G. , Lee , H. and Trevors , J. T. 1994 . Enhanced removal of selected hydrocarbons from soil by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 biosurfactants and some chemical surfactants . Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology , 59 : 53 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell , M. A. 1983 . Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the naphthalene degradation genes from plasmid NAH7 . Journal of Bacteriology , 153 : 822 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell , M. A. and Wender , P. E. 1986 . Identification of the nahR gene product and nucleotide sequences required for its activation of the sal operon . Journal of Bacteriology , 166 : 9 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiaris , M. P. 1989 . Seasonal biotransformation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene in surficial estuarine sediments . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 55 : 1391 – 1399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , M. J. , Osslund , T. D. , Saunders , R. , Ensley , B. D. , Suggs , S. , Harcourt , A. and Zylstra , G. J. 1993 . Sequences of genes encoding naphthalene dioxygenase in Pseudomonas putida strains G7 and NCIB 9816-4 . Gene , 127 : 31 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , A. , Van Hamme , J. D. and Ward , O. P. 2007 . Surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology: Part 2. Application aspects . Biotechnology Advances , 25 : 99 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soclo , H. H. , Budzinski , H. , Garrigues , P. and Matsuzawa , S. 2008 . Biota accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Benin coastal waters . Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds , 28 : 112 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sram , R. J. and Binkova , B. 2000 . Molecular epidemiology studies on occupational and environmental exposure to mutagens and carcinogens, 1997–1999 . Environmental Health Perspectives , 108 : 57 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stucki , G. and Alexander , M. 1987 . Role of dissolution rate and solubility in biodegradation of aromatic compounds . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 53 : 292 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchanek , M. , Kostal , J. , Demnerova , K. and Kralova , B. 2000 . Use of sodium dodecyl sulphate for stimulation of biodegradation of n-alkanes without residual contamination by the surfactant . International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation , 45 : 27 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , E. R. 1998 . Molecular genetics of biosurfactant production . Current Opinion in Biotechnology , 9 : 263 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swindoll , C. M. , Aelion , C. M. and Pfaender , F. K. 1988 . Influence of inorganic and organic nutrients on aerobic biodegradation and on the adaptation response of subsurface microbial communities . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 54 : 212 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , B. L. , Zhulin , I. B. and Johnson , M. S. 1999 . Aerotaxis and other energy-sensing behavior in bacteria . Annual Review of Microbiology , 53 : 103 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tecon , R. , Wells , M. and Van Der Meer , J. R. 2006 . A new green fluorescent protein-based bacterial biosensor for analysing phenanthrene fluxes . Environmental Microbiology , 8 : 697 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiehm , A. 1994 . Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of synthetic surfactants . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 60 : 258 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmis , K. N. and Pieper , D. H. 1999 . Bacteria designed for bioremediation . Trends in Biotechnology , 17 : 201 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmis , K. N. , Steffan , R. J. and Unterman , R. 1994 . Designing microorganisms for the treatment of toxic wastes . Annual Review of Microbiology , 48 : 525 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsomides , H. J. , Hughes , J. B. , Thomas , J. M. and Ward , C. H. 1995 . Effect of surfactant addition on phenanthrene biodegradation in sediments . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , 14 : 953 – 959 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke , M. I. , Couture , P. , Brauer , M. , Lee , H. and Trevors , J. T. 1993 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 rhamnolipid biosurfactants: Structural characterization and their use in removing hydrophobic compounds from soil . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 39 : 1071 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamme , J. D. , Singh , A. and Ward , O. P. 2003 . Recent advances in petroleum microbiology . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews , 67 : 503 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamme , J. D. , Singh , A. and Ward , O. P. 2006 . Physiological aspects: Part 1 in a series of papers devoted to surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology . Biotechnology Advances , 24 : 604 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hamme , J. D. and Ward , O. P. 2001 . Physical and metabolic interactions of Pseudomonas sp. Strain JA5-B45 and Rhodococcus sp. strain F9-D79 during growth on crude oil and effect of a chemical surfactant on them . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 67 : 4874 – 4879 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidali , M. 2001 . Bioremediation. An overview . Pure and Applied Chemistry , 73 : 1163 – 1172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkering , F. , Breure , A. M. and Rulkens , W. H. 1997 . Microbiological aspects of surfactant use for biological soil remediation . Biodegradation , 8 : 401 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , U. , Beyer , M. , Klein , J. and Rehm , H. J. 1991 . Degradation of pyrene by Rhodococcus sp. UW1 . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 34 : 671 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammer , K. H. and Peters , C. A. 2005 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation rates: A structure-based study . Environmental Science and Technology , 39 : 2571 – 2578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , S. and Mulligan , C. N. 2004a . An evaluation of surfactant foam technology in remediation of contaminated soil . Chemosphere , 57 : 1079 – 1089 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , S. and Mulligan , C. N. 2004b . Rhamnolipid foam enhanced remediation of cadmium and nickel contaminated soil . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 157 : 315 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , K. and Baker , P. W. 2000 . Environmentally relevant microorganisms . Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering , 89 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , C. C. and Harwell , J. H. 1992 . Surfactants and subsurface remediation . Environmental Science and Technology , 26 : 2324 – 2330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcke , W. 2000 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil—A review . Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science , 163 : 229 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolter , M. , Zadrazil , F. , Martens , R. and Bahadir , M. 1997 . Degradation of eight highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pleurotus sp. Florida in solid wheat straw substrate . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 48 : 398 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , J. W. C. , Lai , K. M. , Wan , C. K. , Ma , K. K. and Fang , M. 2002 . Isolation and optimization of PAH-degradative bacteria from contaminated soil for PAHs bioremediation . Water, Air, and Soil Pollution , 139 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization . 1998 . Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental health criteria 202, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation
   Google Scholar
• Ye , D. , Akmai Siddiqi , M. , Maccubbin , A. E. , Kumar , S. and Sikka , H. C. 1996 . Degradation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by Sphingomonas paucimobilis . Environmental Science and Technology , 30 : 136 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , K. M. and Serdar , C. M. 1988 . Genetics of naphthalene catabolism in pseudomonads . Critical Reviews in Microbiology , 15 : 247 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeom , I. T. , Ghosh , M. M. and Cox , C. D. 1996 . Kinetic aspects of surfactant solubilization of soil-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Environmental Science and Technology , 30 : 1589 – 1595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerushalmi , L. , Rocheleau , S. , Cimpoia , R. , Sarrazin , M. , Sunahara , G. , Peisajovich , A. and Guiot , S. R. 2003 . Enhanced biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil . Bioremediation Journal , 7 : 37 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Younkin , W. , Suaznabar , C. and Parsons , S. SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production . Land farm design and management in Bolivia: A case-study , 26–28 June, Stavanger, Norway
   Google Scholar
• Yu , H. , Zhu , L. and Zhou , W. 2007 . Enhanced desorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil-water systems with the presence of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 142 : 354 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan , S. Y. , Wei , S. H. and Chang , B. V. 2000 . Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a mixed culture . Chemosphere , 41 : 1463 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajic , J. E. , Guignard , H. and Gerson , D. F. 1977 . Properties and biodegradation of a bioemulsifier from Corynebacterium hydrocarboclastus . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 19 : 1303 – 1320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , X. , Venosa , A. and Suidan , M. 2004 . Literature review on the use of commercial bioremediation agents for cleanup of oil-contaminated estuarine environments , Cincinnati, OH : University of Cincinnati .
   Google Scholar