Development of the Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Polyether Polyurethane Foam Using Both Condensed and Gas-Phase Release Data

REFERENCES

• Brabrauskas , V. , and Grayson , S. 1992 . Heat Release in Fires , Elsevier , Essex , England .
   Google Scholar
• Bustamante Valencia , L. 2009 . Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Decomposition of Materials at Three Scales: Application to Polyether Polyurethane Foam used in Upholstered Furniture , Doctoral dissertation , ENSMA , Poitiers, France .
   Google Scholar
• Bustamante Valencia , L. , Rogaume , T. , Guillaume , E. , Rein , G. , and Torero , J.L. 2009 . Analysis of principal gas products during combustion of polyether polyurethane foam at different irradiance levels . Fire Safety Journal , 44 , 933 – 940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakka , S.M. , Jackson , G.S. , and Torero , J.L. 2002 . Mechanisms controlling the degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) prior to piloted ignition . Proceedings of the Combustion Institute , 29 , 281 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardell , P. , and Guillaume , E. 2010 . Sampling and analysis of fire effluents . In Stec , A.A. and Hull , T.R. (Eds.) Fire Toxicity . Woodhead , Sawston , England , pp. 385 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , H. 1963 . Kinetics of thermal degradation of char forming plastics from thermogravimetry. Application to a phenolic plastic . Journal of Polymer Science, Part C , 6 , 183 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Guillaume , E. , and Chivas , C. 2009 . Fire models used in toxicity testing . In Gann , R. G. , Babrauskas , V. , Grayson , S. J. , and Marsh , N. D. (Eds.) Hazards of Combustion Product , Wiley , Hoboken , NJ , pp. 59 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen , T. 1999 . Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Retrieved from http://www.vtt.fi/rte/firetech/research/html
   Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen , T. , Mikkola , E. , Laperre , J. , Gensous , F. , Fardell , P. , Le Tallec , Y. , Baiocchi , C. , Paul , K. , Simonson , M. , Deleu , C. , and Metcalfe , E. 2000 . Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy—Summary of the SAFIR project results . Fire and Materials , 24 , 101 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirschler , M. , and Morgan , A.B. 2008 . Thermal decomposition of polymers . In The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , NFPA , Quincy , MA , pp. 1 – 112 and 1–143 .
   Google Scholar
• Houck , C. , and Joines , J. 1995 . A Genetic Algorithm for Function Optimization: A Matlab Implementation. Report NCSU IE TR 95–09.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. 2002. Reaction to Fire Tests—Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate – Part 1 Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization . 2004 . Solid Mineral Fuels—Determination of Gross Calorific Value by the Bomb Calorimetric Method, and calculation of Net Calorific Balue. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization . 2007 . Fire Safety Engineering—Assessment. Verification and Validation of Calculation Methods. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization . 2009 . Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Kissinger , H. 1957 . Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis . Analytical Chemistry , 29 , 1702 – 1706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lautenberger , C. 2009 . A Generalized Pyrolysis Model for Combustible Solids. Users' guide. Retrieved from http://code.google.com/p/gpyro/
   Google Scholar
• Le Tallec , Y. , and Guillaume , E. 2009 . Fire gases and their chemical measurement . In R. G. Gann , V. Babrauskas , S. J. Grayson , and N. D. Marsh (Eds.) Hazards Combustion Products , Wiley , Hoboken , NJ , pp. 43 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Matala , A. 2008 . Estimation of Solid Phase Reaction Parameters for Fire Simulation. Master's thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlemiller , T. 1985 . Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 11 , 277 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein , G. , Lautenberger , C. , Fernandez-Pello , C. , Torero , J.L. , and Urban , D. 2006 . Application of genetic algorithms and thermogravimetry to determine the kinetics of polyurethane foam in smoldering combustion . Combustion and Flame , 146 , 95 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainrat , A. 2006 . Regulatory trends and standardization towards the reaction to fire of the upholstery furniture in France and in Europe . In Proceedings Flame Retardants , Wiley , Hoboken , NJ , pp. 225 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Speitel , L. 2002 . Fourier transform infrared analysis of combustion gases . Journal of Fire Sciences , 20 , 349 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Stec , A. , Fardell , P. , Blomqvist , P. , Bustamante-Valencia , L. , Saragoza , L. , and Guillaume , E. 2010 . Quantification of Fire Gases by FTIR: Experimental Characterisation of Calibration Systems. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Tewarson , A. 1995 . Generation of heat and chemical compounds in fires . In The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , 2nd ed. , NFPA , Quincy , MA , pp. 3.53 – 3.124 .
   Google Scholar
• Troitzsch , J. 2004 . Plastics Flammability Handbook. Principles, Regulations, Testing and Approval , Carl Hansel Verlag , Munich .
   Google Scholar
• Voorhees , K. , Hileman , F. , Einhorn , I. , and Futrell , J. 1978 . An investigation of the thermolysis mechanism of model urethanes . J. Polym. Sci. Part A , 16 , 213 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyazovkin , S. 2000 . Kinetic concepts of thermally stimulated reactions in solids: A view from a historical perspective . International Reviews in Physical Chemistry , 19 , 45 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar