Numerical Investigations of CO/CO₂ Ratio in Char Combustion

REFERENCES

• Amariglio , H. , and Duval , X. 1966 . Etude de la combustion catalytique du graphite [Study on the catalytic combustion of graphite.] . Carbon , 4 , 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Annamalai , K. , and Ryan , W. 1993 . Interactive processes in gasification and combustion—II . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 19 , 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , J. 1951 . Reaction between carbon and oxygen . Trans. Faraday Soc. , 47 , 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Avnir , D. , Farin , D. , and Pfeifer , P. 1983 . Chemistry in noninteger dimensions between two and three II. Fractal surfaces of adsorbents . J. Chem. Phys. , 79 , 3566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avnir , D. , Farin , D. , and Pfeifer , P. 1985 . Surface geometric irregularity of particulate materials: The fractal approach . J. Colloid Interf. Sci. , 103 , 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayling , A.B. , and Smith , I.W. 1972 . Measured temperatures of burning pulverized-fuel particles, and the nature of the primary reaction product . Combust. Flame , 18 , 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao , L. , and He , R. 2011 . Gas diffusion in fractal porous media . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 182 , 822 – 841 .
   Google Scholar
• Chow , Y.S. 1988 . Probability Theory: Independence, Interchangeability, Martingales . Springer-Verlag , New York , NY .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , M. , Araujo , A. , Silva , H. , and Andrade , J. Jr. 2003 . Scaling behavior of diffusion and reaction processes in percolating porous media . Phys. Rev. E , 67 , 061406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , R.J. , and Walker , P.L. 1958 . Industrial Carbon and Graphite Conference , Society of Chemical Industry , London .
   Google Scholar
• Du , Z.Y. 1990 . Kinetic Modeling of Carbon Oxidation , Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Du , Z.Y. , Sarofim , A.F. , Longwell , J.P. , and Mires , C.A. 1991. Kinetic measurement and modeling of carbon oxidation. Energy & Fuels , 5, 214.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , R.H. , and Guggenheim , E.A. 1949 . Statistical Thermodynamics , Cambridge University Press , New York , NY .
   Google Scholar
• Froberg , R.W. , and Essenhigh , R.H. 1979 . Reaction order and activation energy of carbon oxidation during internal burning . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 17 , 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Gefen , Y. , Aharony , A. , and Alexander , S. 1983 . Anomalous diffusion on percolation clusters . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 50 , 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , S. , Lee , C.H. , and Longwell , J.P. 1996 . Modeling of ignition and CO oxidation in the boundary layer of a single char particle . Energy & Fuels , 10 , 1091 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , P.J. , Vastola , F.J. , and Walker , P.L. Jr. 1967 . Fundamentals of Gas-Surface Interactions , Academic Press , New York , NY .
   Google Scholar
• Hayhurst , A.N. , and Parmar , M.S. 1998 . Does solid carbon burn in oxygen to give the gaseous intermediate CO or produce CO2 directly? Some experiments in a hot bed of sand fluidized by air . Chemical Engineering Science , 53 , 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes , B.S. 2001 . A turnover model for carbon reactivity I. development . Combust. Flame , 126 , 1421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , R. , Sato , J. , Chen , C. H. 2002 . Modeling char combustion with fractal pore effects . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 174 , 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He , R. , Xu , X. , Chen , C. , Fan , H. , and Zhang , B. 1998 . Evolution of pore fractal dimensions for burning porous chars . Fuel , 77 , 1291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuera , F.J. 2008 . Combustion of a coal char particle in a stream of dry gas . Combust. Flame , 152 , 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , J.B. , Williams , G.C. , and Fine , D.H. 1973 . Kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation in postflame gases . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 14 , 975 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurylko , L. , and Essenhigh , R.H. 1973 . Steady and unsteady combustion of carbon . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 14 , 1375 .
   Google Scholar
• Levitz , P. 1997 . From Knudsen diffusion to Levy walks . Europhys. Lett. , 39 , 593 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , P.F. , and Simons , G.A. 1979 . Char gasification: Part II. oxidation results . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 20 , 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang , Z. , He , R. , Chen , Q. , Xu , X. , and Sato , J. 2007 . Fractal generation of char pores through random walk . Combust. Sci. Tech. , 179 , 637 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias , J.A. , Essenhigh , R.H. , Radulovic , P.T. , and Smoot , L.D. 2003 . Large char particle high-pressure oxidation rates and mechanisms . Energy & Fuels , 17 , 587 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R.E. 1988 . On the products of the heterogeneous oxidation reaction at surfaces of burning coal char particles . 22nd International Symposium on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , pp. 69 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Niksa , S. , and Kerstein , A.R. 1986 . The distributed-energy chain model for rapid coal devolatilization kinetics. Part I: Formulation . Combust. Flame , 66 , 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeifer , P. , and Avnir , D. 1983 . Chemistry in noninteger dimensions between two and three. I. Fractal theory of heterogeneous surfaces . J. Chem. Phys. , 79 , 3558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , R. , Vastola , F.J. , and Walker , P.L. Jr. 1970 . Factors affecting the product ratio of the carbon-oxygen reaction—II. Reaction temperature . Carbon , 8 , 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif , F. 1965 . Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics , McGraw-Hill , New York , NY .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , O.C. , and Smith , I.W. 1973 . Measured and calculated burning histories of large carbon spheres in oxygen . Combust. Flame , 21 , 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossberg , M.Z. 1956 . Experimentelle ergebnisse über die primarreactionen bei der kohlenstoffverbrennung [Experimental results of the primary reaction in the carbon combustion] . Electrochem. , 60 , 952 .
   Google Scholar
• Salatino , P. , Zimbardi , F. , and Masi , S. 1993. A fractal approach to the analysis of low temperature combustion rate of a coal char: I. Experimental results. Carbon , 31, 501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoot , L.D. 1993 . Fundamentals of Coal Combustion: For Clean and Efficient Use , Elsevier , Amsterdam , the Netherlands .
   Google Scholar
• Tognotti , L. , Longwell , J.P. , and Sarofim , A.F. 1990 . The products of the high temperature oxidation of a single char particle in an electrodynamic balance . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 23 , 1207 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , P.L. Jr. , Rusinko , F.J. , and Austin , L.G. 1959 . Gas reactions of carbon . Advances in Catalysis , 11 , 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar