A GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR FOR INSTABILITY RESEARCH AND LES VALIDATION: METHODS AND MEAN RESULTS

REFERENCES

• Anacleto , P.M. , Fernandes , E.C. , Heitor , M.V. , and Shtork , S.I. 2003 . Swirl flow structure and flame characteristics in a model lean premixed combustor . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 175 , 1369 – 1388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balachandran , R. , Ayoola , O.B. , Kaminski , C.F. , Dowling , A.P. , and Mastorakos , E. 2005 . Experimental investigation of the nonlinear response of turbulent premixed flames to imposed inlet velocity oscillations . Combust. Flame , 143 , 37 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer , J.M. , and Chiger , N.A. 1972 . Combustion Aerodynamics , John Wiley and Sons , New York , p. 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , L.H. , and Gould , R.D. 1996 . Towards better uncertainty estimates for turbulence statistics . Exp. Fluids , 22 , 129 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxx , I. , Stöhr , M. , Carter , C. , and Meier , W. 2010 . Temporally resolved planar measurements of transient phenomena in a partially pre-mixed swirl flame in a gas turbine combustor . Combust. Flame , 157 , 1510 – 1525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broda , J.C. , Seo , S. , Santoro , R.J. , Shirhattikar , G. , and Yang , V. 1998 . An experimental study of combustion dynamics of a premixed swirl injector . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 27 , 1849 – 1856 .
   Google Scholar
• Brucker , C. , and Althaus , W. 1992 . Study of vortex breakdown by particle tracking velocimetry. Part 1: Bubble type vortex breakdown . Exp. Fluids , 13 , 339 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , K.L. 2006 . Combustion Physics , Cambridge University Press , New York , pp . 456 – 461 .
   Google Scholar
• Dasch , C.J. 1992 . One dimensional tomography: A comparison of Abel, onion peeling and filtered back projection methods . Appl. Opt. , 31 ( 8 ), 1146 – 1152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham , D. , Spencer , A. , McGuirk , J.J. , and Mehriar , D. 2008 . Comparison of URANS and LES CFD methodologies for air swirl fuel injectors . In Proceedings ASME Turbo Expo, Berlin, Germany, June 9–13; ASME, New York , Vol. 3 , pp. 187 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Escudier , M. 1988 . Vortex breakdown: Observations and explanations . Prog. Aero. Sci. , 25 , 189 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Finchman , A.M. , and Spedding , G.R. 1997 . Low cost, high resolution DPIV for measurements of turbulent fluid flow . Exp. Fluids , 23 , 449 – 462 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goy , C.J. , James , S.R. , and Rea , S. 2005 . Monitoring combustion instabilities: E.ON UK's experience . In T. Lieuwen and V. Yang (Eds.), Combustion Instabilities in Gas Turbine Engines: Operational Experience, Fundamental Mechanisms, and Modelling. AIAA, Reston , VA , pp. 163 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Grinstein , F.F. , and Fureby , C. 2005 . LES studies of the flow in a swirl gas combustor . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 30 , 1791 – 1798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallet , W.L.H. , and Towes , D.J. 1987 . The effects of inlet conditions and expansion ratio on the onset of flow reversal in swirling flow in a sudden expansion . Exp. Fluids , 5 , 129 – 133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding , S.C. 1996. Investigation into mixing and combustion in an optical, lean, premixed, prevapourised combustor. PhD dissertation. Cranfield University , UK .
   Google Scholar
• Hedman , P.H. , Fletcher , T.H. , Flores , D.V. , Graham , S.G. , Haslam , J.K. , Murray , R.L. , and Timothy , G.W. 2004 . Observations of flame behavior in a laboratory-scale premixed natural gas/air gas turbine combustor from planar laser induced fluorescence measurements of OH, laser Doppler anemometer velocity measurements, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectrometer temperature measurements . J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power , 127 ( 4 ), 724 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Y. , Sung , H.G. , Hsieh , S.Y. , and Yang , V. 2003 . Large eddy simulation of combustion dynamics of lean premixed swirl stabilised combustor . J Propul. Power , 19 ( 5 ), 782 – 794 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane , R.D. , and Adrian , R.J. 1990 . Optimisation of particle image velocimeters. Part 1: Double pulsed systems . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 1 , 1202 – 1215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane , R.D. , and Adrian , R.J. 1991 . Optimisation of particle image velocimeters. Part 2: Multiple pulsed systems . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 2 , 963 – 974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane , R.D. , and Adrian , R.J. 1992 . Theory of cross-correlation analysis of PIV images . Appl. Sci. Res. , 49 , 191 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Keane , R.D. , Adrian , R.J. , and Zhang , Y. 1995 . Super resolution particle image velocimetry . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 6 , 754 – 768 .
   Google Scholar
• Kulsheimer , C. , and Buchner , H. 2002 . Combustion dynamics of turbulent swirling flames . Combust. Flame , 131 , 70 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , N.J. , and Wu , J. 1997 . Three dimensional particle image velocimetry: Experimental error analysis of a digital angular stereoscopic system . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 8 , 1455 – 1464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaVision . 2005 . Davis 7.1 Software manual for Davis 7.1 , Lavision GmbH , Gottingen, Germany .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , J.G. , Kim , K. , and Santavicca , D.A. 2000 . Measurement of equivalence ratio fluctuation and its effect on heat release during unstable combustion . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 28 , 415 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J.G. , and Santavicca , D.A. 2003 . Experimental diagnostics for the study of combustion instabilities in lean premixed combustors . J. Propul. Power , 19 ( 5 ), 735 – 750 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S.Y. , Seo , S. , Broda , J.C. , Pal , S. , and Santoro , R.J. 2000 . An experimental estimation of mean reaction rate and flame structure during combustion instability in a lean premixed gas turbine combustor . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 28 , 775 – 782 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvrer , A.H. 1999 . Gas Turbine Combustion, nd ed. Taylor and Francis , 2 , London .
   Google Scholar
• Leibovich , S. 1978 . The structure of vortex breakdown . Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech. , 10 , 221 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieuwen , T. 2003 . Modelling premixed combustion acoustic wave interactions: A review . J. Propul. Power , 19 ( 5 ), 765 – 781 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieuwen , T. , McDonell , V. , Perterson , E. , and Santavicca , D. 2006 . Fuel flexibility influences on premixed combustor blowout, flashback, autoignition and stability . In Proceedings ASME Turbo Expo, Barcelona, Spain, May 6–11; ASME, New York , Vol. 1 , pp. 601 – 615 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucca-negro , O. , and O'Doherty , T. 2001 . Vortex breakdown: A review . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 27 , 431 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C.E. , Benoit , L. , and Sommerer , Y. 2006 . Large eddy simulation and acoustic analysis of a swirl staged turbulent combustor . AIAA J. , 44 ( 4 ), 741 – 750 .
   Google Scholar
• Meier , W. , Boxx , I. , Stöhr , M. , and Carter , C. 2010 . Laser-based investigations in gas turbine model combustors . Exp. Fluids , 49 , 865 – 882 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier , W. , Weigand , P. , Duan , X.R. , and Giezendanner-Thoben , R. 2007 . Detailed characterization of the dynamics of thermoacoustic pulsations in a lean premixed swirl flame . Combust. Flame , 150 , 2 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbay , R.C. , Nogenmyr , K.J. , Klingmann , J. , and Bai , X.S. 2013 . Swirling flows in a combustion chamber with and without heat release . Fuel , 104 , 133 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poinsot , T. , and Veynante , D. 2005. Theoretical and Numerical Combustion, , 2nd ed., R T Edwards Inc. , Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad , A.K. 2000 . Particle image velocimetry . Curr. Sci. , 79 ( 1 ), 51 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffel , M. , Willert , C. , Werekey , S. , and Kompenhaus , J. 2007 . Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide, , 2nd ed. , Springer , Berlin .
   Google Scholar
• Rayleigh , L. 1878 . The application of certain acoustical phenomena . Nature , 8 , 319 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Roux , S. , Lartigue , T. , Poinsot , T. , Meier , U. , and Berat , C. 2005 . Studies of mean and unsteady flow in a swirled combustor using experiments, acoustic analysis, and large eddy simulations . Combust. Flame , 141 , 40 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpkaya , T. 1971a . On the stationary and travelling vortex breakdowns . J. Fluid Mech. , 45 ( 3 ), 545 – 559 .
   Google Scholar
• Sarpkaya , T. 1971b . Vortex breakdown in swirling flows . AIAA J. , 9 ( 9 ), 1792 – 1799 .
   Google Scholar
• Sidwell , T. , Richards , G. , Castleton , K. , Straub , D. , Maloney , D. , Strakey , P. , Ferguson , D. , Beer , S. , and Woodruff , S. 2006 . Optically accessible pressurised research combustor for computational fluid dynamics model validation . AIAA J. , 44 , 434 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , A.M. , Boxx , I. , Stöhr , M. , Carter , C. , and Meier , W. 2010 . Flow-flame interactions causing acoustically coupled heat release fluctuations in a thermo-acoustically unstable gas turbine model combustor . Combust. Flame , 157 , 2250 – 2266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhr , M. , Boxx , I. , Carter , C. , and Meier , W. 2011 . Dynamics of lean blowout of a swirl-stabilized flame in a gas turbine model combustor . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 33 , 2953 – 2960 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöhr , M. , Sadanandan , R. , and Meier , W. 2009 . Experimental study of unsteady flame structures of an oscillating swirl flame in a gas turbine model combustor . Proc. Combust. Inst. , 32 , 2925 – 2932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syred , N. 2006 . A review of oscillation mechanisms and the role pf the precessing vortex core in swirl combustion systems . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 32 , 93 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkataraman , K.K. , Preston . L.H. , Simons , D.W. , Lee , B.J. , Lee , J.G. , and Santavicca , D.A. 1999 . Mechanism of combustion instability in a lean premixed dump combustor . J. Propul. Power , 15 ( 6 ), 909 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigand , P. , Meier , W. , Duan , X.R. , Giezendanner-Thoben , R. , and Meier , U. 2005 . Laser diagnostic study of the mechanism of a periodic combustion instability in a gas turbine model combustor . Flow Turbul. Combust. , 75 , 275 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerweel , J. 2008 . On velocity gradients in PIV interrogation . Exp. Fluids , 44 , 831 – 842 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willert , C. 1996 . The fully digital evaluation of photographic PIV recordings . Appl. Sci. Res. , 56 , 79 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Willert , C. 1997 . Stereoscopic digital particle image velocimetry for application in wind tunnel flows . Meas. Sci. Technol. , 8 , 1465 – 1479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , T.C. , Schefer , R.W. , Oefelein , J.C. , and Shaddix , C.R. 2007 . Idealized gas turbine combustor for performance research and validation of large eddy simulations . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 78 , 035114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Q. , Noble , D.R. , Meyers , A. , Xu , K. , and Lieuwen T. 2005 . Characterization of fuel composition effects in H2/CO/CH4 mixtures upon lean blowout . In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo, Reno, NV, June 6–9; ASME, New York , Vol. 2 , pp. 657 – 668 .
   Google Scholar
• Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/gcst.
   Google Scholar