Flame Inhibition by CF₃CHCl₂ (HCFC-123)

REFERENCES

• Amphlett, J.C., and Whittle, E. 1967. Reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with iodine and hydrogen iodide. Trans. Faraday Soc., 63, 2695–2701.
   Google Scholar
• Arican, M. H., Potter, E., and Whytock, D. A. 1973. Reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with propane, butane and isobutane. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 69, 1811–1816.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., JR., Kerr, J. A., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J. 2001. Summary of Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry. NIST Kinetics Database, WEB edition.
   Google Scholar
• Babushok, V. I., Linteris, G. T., Burgess, Jr., D. R., and Baker, P. T. Submitted. Hydrocarbon flame inhibition by C3H2F3Br (2-BTP).
   Google Scholar
• Babushok, V., Noto, T., Burgess, D. R. F., Hamins, A., and Tsang, W. 1996. Influence of CF3I, CF3Br, and CF3H on the high-temperature combustion of methane. Combust. Flame, 107, 351–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blauer, J. A., Solomon, W. C., and Engleman, V. S. 1971. Kinetics of chlorine fluoride at high temperatures. J. Phys. Chem., 75, 3939–3944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, J. N., Whytock, D. A. and Zaleski, T. A. 1976. Kinetic study of reaction of hydrogen-atoms with chlorotrifluoromethane. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 72, 2284–2288.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, D. R., Zachariah, M. R., Tsang, W., and Westmoreland, P. R. 1995. Thermochemical and chemical kinetic data for fluorinated hydrocarbons. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 21, 453–529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butkovskaya, N. I., Larichev, M. N., Leipunskii, I. O., Morozov, I. I., and Talroze, V. L. 1978. Mass-spectrometric investigation of the elemental reaction of fluorine-atoms with difluorochloromethane. Kinet. Catal., 19, 647–682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butlin, R. N., and Simmons, R. F. 1968. Inhibition of hydrogen-air flames by hydrogen halides. Combust. Flame, 12, 447–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bykhalo, I. B., Filatov, V. V., Gordon, E. B., and Perminov, A. P. 1994. Kinetics study of 2-channel hydrogen and deuterium atom reactions with interhalogen molecules. Russ. Chem. Bull., 43, 1637–1645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casias, C. R., and McKinnon, J. T. 1996. Mechanisms of flame quenching by chlorine in well-stirred reactors. Combust. Sci. Technol., 116, 289–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W. D., Karra, S. B., and Senkan, S. M. 1987. A computational study of chlorine inhibition of CO flames. Combust. Flame, 69, 113–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codnia, J., and Azcarate, M. L. 2006. Rate measurement of the reaction of CF2Cl radicals with O-2. Photochem. Photobiol., 82, 755–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, N., and Westberg, K. R. 1991. Chemical kinetic data sheets for high-temperature reactions. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1211–1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullison, R. F., Pogue, R. C. and White, M. L. 1973. Rotating sector study of the gas phase photochlorination of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane. Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 415–423.
   Google Scholar
• Da Cruz, F. N., Vandooren, J., and Van Tiggelen, P. 1988. Comparison of the inhibiting effect of some halogenomethane compounds on flame propagation. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 97, 1011–1030.
   Google Scholar
• Day, M. J., Stamp, D. V., Thompson, K., and Dixon-Lewis, G. 1971. Inhibition of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-nitrous oxide flames by halogen compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 13, 705–712.
   Google Scholar
• DeMore, W. B., Sander, S. P., Golden, D. M., Hampson, R. F., Kurylo, M. J., Howard, C. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J. 1997. Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling. Evaluation number 12. JPL Publication 97-4. JPL, Pasadena, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon-Lewis, G., and Simpson, R. J. 1976. Aspects of flame inhibition by halogen compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 16, 1111–1119.
   Google Scholar
• Egerton, A., and Thabet, S. K. 1952. Flame propagation—the measurement of burning velocities of slow flames and the determination of limits of combustion. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 211, 445–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fettis, G. C., Knox, J. H., and Trotman-Dickenson, A. F. 1960. The reactions of fluorine atoms with alkanes. J. Chem. Soc., 1064–1071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon, R., and McAskill, N. A. 1969. Kinetics of gas-phase fluorination of halomethanes. Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 3005–3012.
   Google Scholar
• Foon, R., and Tait, K. B. 1972a. Chlorine abstraction reactions of fluorine. 2. Kinetic determination of bond dissociation energy D in absence of quencher. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 68, 104–111.
   Google Scholar
• Foon, R., and Tait, K. B. 1972b. Chlorine abstraction reactions of fluorine. 3. Thermochemical data for chlorofluoroalkanes. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 68, 1121–1130.
   Google Scholar
• Francisco, J. S., and Li, Z. 1989. Dissociation pathways of carbonyl halides. J. Phys. Chem., 93, 8118–8122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fristrom, R. M., and Van Tiggelen, P. 1978. An interpretation of the inhibition of C-H-O flames by C-H-X compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 17, 773–785.
   Google Scholar
• Goos, E., Burcat, A., and Ruscic, B. 2012. Extended Third Millennium Thermodynamic Database for Combustion and Air-Pollution Use with updates from Active Thermochemical Tables. Technion-IIT, Haifa, Israel. Ftp://ftp.technion.ac.il/pub/supported/aetdd/thermodynamics/BURCAT.THR (accessed August 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Gurvich, L. V., Iorish, V. S., Chekhovskoi, D. V., Ivanisov, A. D., Proskurnev, A. Y., Yungman, V. S., Medvedev, V. A., Veits, I. V., and Bergman, G. A. 1993. IVTHANTHERMO. Database on Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances (NIST Special Database 5, IVTANTHERMO-PC, 1998), Institute of High Temperatures, Moscow.
   Google Scholar
• Herron, J. T. 1988. Evaluated chemical kinetic data for the reactions of atomic oxygen o(p-3) with saturated organic-compounds in the gas-phase. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 967–1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, W. P., Barat, R. B., and Bozzelli, J. W. 1992. Thermal-reactions of CH2Cl2 in H2/O2 mixtures—implications for chlorine inhibition of CO conversion to CO2. Combust. Flame, 88, 265–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstedt, G., Andersson, P., and Andersson, J. 1994. Investigation of scale effects on halon and halon alternatives regarding flame extinguishing, inerting concerntration and thermal decomposition products. In Fire Safety Science—Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. International Association of Fire Safety Science, London.
   Google Scholar
• Kee, R. J., Dixon-Lewis, G., Warnatz, J., Coltrin, R. E., and Miller, J. A. 1986. A Fortran computer package for the evaluation of gas-phase, multicomponent transport properties. Sandia National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Kee, R. J., Grcar, J. F., Smooke, M. D., and Miller, J. A. 1991. A Fortran computer program for modeling steady laminar one-dimensional premixed flames. Sandia National Laboratories.
   Google Scholar
• Kee, R. J., Rupley, F. M., and Miller, J. A. 1989. CHEMKIN-II: A Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas phase chemical kinetics. Sandia National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Khatoon, T., Edelbutteleinhaus, J., Hoyermann, K., and Wagner, H. G. 1989. Rates and mechanisms of the reactions of ethanol and propanol with fluorine and chlorine atoms. Ber. Bunsen Ges., 93, 626–632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. K. 2002. Overview of recent progress in fire suppression technology. In 2nd NRIFD Symposium, Proceedings, Tokyo, Japan; NRIFD, Mikata, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Kumaran, S. S., Lim, K. P., Michael, J. V., and Wagner, A. F. 1995. Thermal-decomposition of CF2Cl2. J. Phys. Chem., 99, 8673–8680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaran, S. S., Su, M. C., Lim, K. P., Michael, J. V., and Wagner, A. F. 1996a. Thermal decomposition of CFCl3. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 7533–7540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaran, S. S., Su, M. C., Lim, K. P., Michael, J. V., Wagner, A. F., Harding, L. B., and Dixon, D. A. 1996b. Ab initio calculations and three different applications of unimolecular rate theory for the dissociations of CCl4, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, and CF3Cl. J. Phys. Chem., 100, 7541–7549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyland, L. M., Majer, J. R., and Robb, J. C. 1970. Heat of formation of CF2Cl radical. Trans. Faraday Soc., 66, 898–900.
   Google Scholar
• Leylegian, J. C., Law, C. K., and Wang, H. 1998a. Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of tetrachloromethane. Proc. Combust. Inst., 27, 529–536.
   Google Scholar
• Leylegian, J. C., Zhu, D. L., Law, C. K., and Wang, H. 1998b. Experiments and numerical simulation on the laminar flame speeds of dichloromethane and trichloromethane. Combust. Flame, 114, 285–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Zhao, Z. W., Kazakov, A., Chaos, M., Dryer, F. L., and Scire, J. J. 2007. A comprehensive kinetic mechanism for CO, CH2O, and CH3OH combustion. Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 39, 109–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linteris, G. T. 2013. Exothermic reaction of fire suppressants: Behavior of brominated and chlorinated compounds. In International Aircraft Systems Fire Protection Working Group Meeting, Cologne, Germany, May 22–23; Federal Aviation Administration, Atlantic City, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Linteris, G. T., and Babushok, V. I. 2000. Marginally flammable materials: Burning velocity of trans-dichloroethylene. In Scale Modeling 3rd International Symposium. Proceedings, ISSM3-C8, Nagoya, Japan; ISMC, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Linteris, G. T., Babushok, V. I., Sunderland, P. B., Takahashi, F., Katta, V., and Meier, O. 2012a. Understanding unwanted combustion enhancement by C6H12O. Proc. Combust. Inst., 34, 2683–2690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linteris, G. T., Burgess, D. R., Takahashi, F., Katta, V. R., Chelliah, H. K., and Meier, O. 2012b. Stirred reactor calculations to understand unwanted combustion enhancement by potential halon replacements. Combust. Flame, 159, 1016–1025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linteris, G. T., Takahashi, F., Katta, V. R., Chelliah, H. K., and Meier, O. 2011. Thermodynamic analysis of suppressant-enhanced overpressure in the FAA aerosol can simulator. In Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium. Boston, MA: International Association for Fire Safety Science.
   Google Scholar
• Louis, F., Gonzalez, C. A., and Sawerysyn, J. P. 2004. Direct combined ab initio/transition state theory study of the kinetics of the abstraction reactions of halogenated methanes with hydrogen atoms. J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 10586–10593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louis, F., and Sawerysyn, J. P. 1998. Kinetics and products studies of reactions between fluorine atoms and CHF3, CHClF2, CHCl2F and CHCl3. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 94, 1437–1445.
   Google Scholar
• Majer, J. R., Olavesen, C., and Robb, J. C. 1969. Absolute rate of recombination of CF2Cl radicals. Trans. Faraday Soc., 65, 2988–2993.
   Google Scholar
• Melnikovich, S. V., and Moin, F. B. 1986. Kinetics and mechanism of reaction of difluorocarbene with molecular chlorine. Kinet. Catal., 27, 17–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnikovich, S. V., Moin, F. B., Fagarash, M. B., and Drogobytskaya, O. I. 1984. Kinetics of the reaction of difluorocarbene with 1,3-cyclopentadiene and hydrogen-chloride. Kinet. Catal., 25, 849–852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, T. A., Weitz, C. A., and Tapscott, R. E. 1996. An update on NMERI cup-burner test results. In Proceedings of HOTWC, NMERI, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 551–564.
   Google Scholar
• Nikisha, L. V., Polyak, S. S., and Sokolova, N. A. 1976. Rate constant of the reaction of methyl radicals with difluorocloromethane. Kinet. Catal., 17, 936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noto, T., Babushok, V., Hamins, A., and Tsang, W. 1998. Inhibition effectiveness of halogenated compounds. Combust. Flame, 112, 147–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olleta, A. C., and Lane, S. I. 2002. A theoretical study of hydrogen and chlorine transfer reactions from fluorine- and chlorine-substituted methanes by F3C center dot radicals. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 3341–3349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulet, G., Laverdet, G., and Lebras, G. 1984. Kinetics of the reactions of atomic bromine with HO2 and HCO AT 298 K. J. Chem. Phys., 80, 1922–1928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quick, L. M., and Whittle, E. 1972. Reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with organic halides. 7. Chloro-ethanes and fluorochloro-ethanes. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 68, 878–888.
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt, J. W. 2005. Minimum performance standard for aircraft cargo compartment halon replacement fire suppression systems (2nd Update). DOT/FAA/AR-TN05/20, Washington, DC: Federal Aviation Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Roesler, J. F., Yetter, R. A., and Dryer, F. L. 1992. The inhibition of the CO/H2O/O2 reaction by trace quantities of HCl. Combust. Sci. Technol., 82, 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser, W. A., Wise, H., and Miller, J. 1959. Mechanism of combustion inhibition by compounds containing halogen. Proc. Combust. Inst., 7, 175–182.
   Google Scholar
• Sandia National Laboratories. 1988. SENKIN: A Fortran program for predicting homogeneous gas phase chemical kinetics with sensitivity analysis. SAND87-8248, Livermore, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Seakins, P. W., Orlando, J. J., and Tyndall, G. S. 2004. Rate coefficients and production of vibrationally excited HCl from the reactions of chlorine atoms with methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 2224–2229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S. S., Vega, E. V., and Lee, K. Y. 2006. Experimental and numerical study of CH4/CH3Cl/O2/N2 premixed flames under oxygen enrichment. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves, 42, 715–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidebottom, H., and Treacy, J. 1984. Reaction of methyl radicals with haloalkanes. Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 16, 579–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, J. Z., and Kim, A. K. 2002. Suppression of pool fires using halocarbon streaming agents. Fire Technol., 38, 7–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talhaoui, A., Louis, F., Meriaux, B., Devolder, P., and Sawerysyn, J. P. 1996. Temperature dependence of rate coefficients for the reactions of chlorine atoms with halomethanes of type CHCl3-xFx (x=0, 1, and 2). J. Phys. Chem., 100, 2107–2113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timonen, R. S., Russell, J. J., and Gutman, D. 1986. Kinetics of the reactions of halogenated methyl radicals (CF3, CF2Cl, CFCl2, and CCl3) with molecular chlorine. Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 18, 1193–1204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschuikow-Roux, E., Yano, T., and Niedzielski, J. 1985. Reactions of ground-state chlorine atoms with fluorinated methanes and ethanes. J. Chem. Phys., 82, 65–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, R., and Schindler, R. N. 1993. A gaskinetic study of the reaction of HOCl with E atom, Cl atom, and H atom at room temperature. Ber. Bunsen Ges., 97, 819–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, H. G., Warnatz, J., and Zetzsch, C. 1976. Reaction of F atoms with HCl. Ber. Bunsen Ges., 80, 571–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., You, X., Jucks, K. W., Davis, S. G., Laskin, A., Egolfopoulos, F., and Law, C. K. 2007. USC Mech Version II. High-temperature combustion reaction model of H2/CO/C1-C4 compounds. Los Angeles, CA: USC. http://ignis.usc.edu/USC_Mech_II.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Liu, J. Y., Li, Z. S., and Sun, C. C. 2005. Direct dynamics studies on the hydrogen abstraction reactions of an F atom with CH3X (X= F, Cl, and Br). J. Chem. Theory Comput., 1, 201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Zhao, Y. A., Wang, Z. Q., Ju, C. G., Feng, Y. L., and Zhang, J. L. 2010. Theoretical study and rate constants calculation of hydrogen abstraction reactions CF3CHCl2 + F and CF3CHClF + F. J. Mol. Struct. THEOCHEM, 959, 101–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L. M., and Barat, R. B. 1995. The inhibitory effects of chlorocarbon addition to fuel-rich methane air combustion. Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 12, 51–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnatz, J., Wagner, H. G., and Zetzsch, C. 1971. Determination of reaction rate of F atoms with Cl2. Ber. Bunsen Ges., 75, 119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westbrook, C. K. 1982. Inhibition of hydrocarbon oxidation in laminar flames and detonations by halogenated compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19, 127–141.
   Google Scholar
• Westbrook, C. K. 1983. Numerical modeling of flame inhibition by CF3Br. Combust. Sci. Technol., 34, 201–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whytock, D. A., Gray, P., and Clarke, J. D. 1972. Reactions of perfluoroethyl radicals with propane and neopentane. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I, 68, 689–695.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. E., O’Donavan, J. T., and Fristrom, R. M. 1969. Flame inhibition by halogen compounds. Proc. Combust. Inst., 12, 929–942.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, F. X., and Carr, R. W. 1992. Time-resolved observation of the formation of CF2O AND CFClO in the CF2Cl+O2 and CFCl2+O2 reactions—the unimolecular elimination of Cl atoms from CF2ClO and CFCl2O radicals. J. Phys. Chem., 96, 1743–1748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, H., Kennedy, E. M., Uddin, A., Sullivan, S. P., and Dlugogorski, B. Z. 2005. Experimental and computational studies of the gas-phase reaction of halon 1211 with hydrogen. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 3020–3028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar