The CO/NO_x Emissions of Swirled, Strongly Pulsed Jet Diffusion Flames

REFERENCES

• Beér, J. M., and Chigier, N. A. 1972. Combustion Aerodynamics. Krieger, Applied Science Publishers, London.
   Google Scholar
• Broadwell, J. E., and Lutz, A. E. 1998. A turbulent jet chemical reaction model: NOx production in jet flames. Combust. Flame, 114, 319–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R.-H. 1995. Some characteristics of NOx emission of turbulent nonpremixed hydrogen-air flames stabilized by swirl-generated flow recirculation. Combust. Sci. Technol., 110, 443–460.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, R.-H. and Driscoll, J. F. 1990. Nitric oxide levels of jet diffusion flames: Effects of coaxial air and other mixing parameters. Proc. Combust. Inst., 23, 281–288.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, R.-H. and Driscoll, J. F. 1998. The role of the recirculation vortex in improving fuel-air mixing within swirling flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 22, 531–540.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T. S., Chao, Y.-C., Wu, D.-C, Hsu, H.-W., and Yuan, T. 2001. Effects of partial premixing on pollutant emissions in swirling methane jet flames. Combust. Flame, 125, 865–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, M., Parente, C., and Santos, A. 2004. Nitrogen oxides emissions from buoyancy and momentum controlled turbulent methane jet diffusion flames. Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 28, 729–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, M. C., Correa, S. M., Pitz, R. W., Shyy, W., and Fenimore, C. P. 1987. Superequilibrium and thermal nitric oxide formation in turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 69, 347–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, J. F., Chen, R.-H., and Yoon, Y. 1992. Nitric oxide levels of turbulent jet diffusion flames: Effects of residence time and Damköhler number. Combust. Flame, 88, 37–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikema, D., Chen, R.-H., and Driscoll, J. F. 1991. Blowout of nonpremixed flames: Maximum coaxial air velocities achievable, with and without swirl. Combust. Flame, 86, 347–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregeau, M. 2007. Turbulent structure and emissions of strongly-pulsed jet diffusion flames. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Fregeau, M., and Hermanson, J. C. 2009. CO/NOx emissions of strongly-pulsed jet diffusion flames. Combust. Sci. Technol., 181, 536–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fregeau, M., Tsai, P. Y., and Hermanson, J. C. 2006. CO/NO emissions of strongly-pulsed turbulent nonpremixed flames. AIAA Paper 2006-809.
   Google Scholar
• Glassman, I., and Yetter, R. A. 2008. Combustion. Academic Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, A. K., Lilley, D. G., and Syred, N. 1984. Swirl Flows. Abacus Press, Tunbridge Wells, England.
   Google Scholar
• Haralupas, Y., and Selbach, A. 2002. Imposed oscillations and non-premixed flames. Prog. Energy Combust., 28, 75–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes, B., and Wagner, H. 1981. Soot formation. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 7, 229–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermanson, J. C, Johari, H., Stocker, D. P., and Hegde, U. 2004. Buoyancy effects in strongly-pulsed, turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 139, 61–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermanson, J. C., and Fregeau, M. 2006. Flame structure dynamics and buoyancy effects in pulsed turbulent diffusion flames. AIAA Paper 2006-1451.
   Google Scholar
• Hermanson, J. C., Dugnani, R., and Johari, H. 2000. Structure and flame length of fully-modulated, pulsed diffusion flames. Combust. Sci. Technol., 155, 203–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermanson, J. C., Ghaem-Maghami, E., and Johari, H. 2004. CO/unburned hydrocarbon emissions of strongly-pulsed, turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Sci. Technol., 176, 1855–1866.
   Google Scholar
• Hori, M. 1986. Experimental study of nitrogen dioxide formation in combustion systems. Proc. Combust. Inst., 21, 1181–1188.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, J. O., Bramlette, T. T., Barr, P. K., and Alvarez, J. R. 1994. NOx and CO emissions from a pulse combustor operating in a lean premixed mode. Combust. Flame, 99, 460–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawn, C. J., Evesque, S., and Polifkek, W. 2004. A model for the thermoacoustic response of a premixed swirl burner, Part Ι: Acoustic aspects. Combust. Sci. Technol., 176, 1331–1358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, Y.-H., and Hermanson, J. C. 2011. The effect of swirl on the flame structure of strongly-pulsed turbulent diffusion flames. Paper presented at the 7th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, T33, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, March 20.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, Y.-H. 2012. Flame structure and emissions of strongly-pulsed turbulent diffusion flames with swirl. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Lovett, J. A., and Turns, S. R. 1990. Experiments on axisymmetrically pulsed turbulent jet flames. AIAA J., 28(1), 38–46.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, K. R., Vandsburger, U., and Bowman, C. T. 1990. Combustor performance enhancement through direct shear layer excitation. Combust. Flame, 82, 75–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier, P., Costa, M., and Carvalho, M. G. 1998. On NOx emissions from turbulent propane diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 112, 221–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. G., Smith, O. I., and Karagozian, A. R. 2004. Passive fuel-air mixing and emissions control via lobed injectors. AIAA J., 42(1), 61–69.
   Google Scholar
• Newbold, G. J. R., Nathan, G. J., Nobes, D. S., and Turns, S. R. 2000. Measurement and prediction of NOx emissions from unconfined propane flames from turbulent-jet, bluff-body, swirl, and processing jet burners. Proc. Combust. Inst., 28, 481–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschereit, C. O., and Gutmark, E. J. 2008. Enhanced stability and reduced emissions in an elliptic swirl-stabilized burner. AIAA J., 46(5), 1063–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Paschereit, C. O., Gutmark, E., and Weisenstein, W. 1999. Coherent structures in swirling flows and their role in acoustic combustion control. Phys. Fluids, 11(9), 2667–2678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paschereit, C. O., Gutmark, E., and Weisenstein, W. 2000. Excitation of thermoacoustic instabilities by interaction of acoustics and unstable swirling flow. AIAA J., 38(6), 1025–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, N., and Donnerhack, S. 1981. Structure and similarity of nitric oxide production in turbulent diffusion flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 18, 33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Sadakata, M. and Beér, J. M. 1997. Spatial distribution of nitric oxide formation rates in a swirling turbulent methane-air flame. Proc. Combust. Inst., 15, 93–103.
   Google Scholar
• Schmittel, P., Günther, B., Lenze, B., Lueckel, W., and Bockhorn, H. 2000. Turbulent swirling flames: Experimental investigation of the flow field and formation of nitrogen oxide. Proc. Combust. Inst., 28, 303–309.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, Y. M., Waldherr, G., Jagoda, J. I., and Zinn, B. T. 1995. Heat release timing in a nonpremixed Helmholtz pulse combustor. Combust. Flame, 100, 251–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangirala, V., Chen, R.-H, and Driscoll, J. F. 1987. Effect of heat release and swirl on the recirculation within swirl-stabilized flames. Combust. Sci. Technol., 51, 75–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turns, S. R. 2000. An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Turns, S. R., and Bandaru, R. V. 1993. Carbon monoxide emissions from turbulent nonpremixed jet flames. Combust. Flame, 94, 462–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabielski, M. F., Dodge, L. G., Colket ΙΙΙ, M. B., and Seery, D. J. 1981. The optical and probe measurement of NO: A comparative study. Proc. Combust. Inst., 18, 1591–1598.
   Google Scholar
• Zinn, B. T. 1992. Pulse combustion: Recent applications and research issues. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24, 1297–1305.
   Google Scholar