Effect of particle size distribution on the behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in solid-recovered fuel combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

References

• Anthony, E., Bulewicz, E., Janicka, E., and Kandefer, S. 1998. Chemical links between different pollutant emissions from a small bubbling FBC. Fuel, 77, 713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena, U., Di Gregoria, F., De Troia, G., and Saponaro, A. 2015. A techno-economic evaluation of a small-scale fluidized bed gasifier for solid recovered fuel. Fuel Process. Technol., 131, 69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atakül, H., Hilmioglu, B., and Ekinci, E. 2005. The relationship between the tendency of lignites to agglomerate and their fusion characteristics in a fluidized bed combustor. Fuel Process. Technol., 86, 1369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, P., and Fraser, S. 1991. Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers: Design and Operations, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Vol. 4, pp. 95–126.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, L. 1998. Influence of ash deposit chemistry and structure on physical and transport properties. Fuel Process. Technol., 56(1–2), 81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, L., Miles, T., Jenkins, B., and Oden, L. 1998. The behavior of inorganic material in biomass-fired power boilers: field and laboratory experiences. Fuel Process. Technol., 54(1–3), 47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayham, S., Breault, R., and Monazam, E. 2016. Particulate solid attrition in CFB systems – an assessment for emerging technologies. Powder Technol., 302, 42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, A., Marinkovic, J., Lind, F., Thunman, H., Knutsson, P., and Seeman, M. 2014. Ash properties of ilmenite used as bed material for combustion of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. Energy Fuels, 28, 7672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission 2011. Commission staff working paper on the implementation of EU air quality policy and preparing for its comprehensive review. Brussels, SEC(2011) 342 final, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/air/pdf/sec_2011_342.pdf, (accessed June 22, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization. 2011. Solid Recovered Fuels – Specifications and Classe, pp. EN 15359–2011.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament 2008. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098, (accessed June 22, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Frankenhaeuser, M., Klarin-Henricson, A., Hakulinen, A., and Mark, F. 2008. Co-combustion of solid recovered fuel and solid biofuels in a combined heat and power plant. PlasticsEurope, Technical Report.
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier, D., Zerguerras, S., and Flamant, G. 1999. Influence of the particle size distribution of powders on the velocities of minimum and complete fluidization. Chem. Eng. J., 74, 181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace, J., and Sun, G. 1991. Influence of particle size distribution on the performance of fluidized bed reactors. Canadian J. Chem. Eng., 69, 1126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, N., and Earnshaw, A. 1997. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, Chap. 4 & 5. pp. 68–136.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, A., Öhman, M., Lindberg, T., Fredriksson, A., and Boström, D. 2012. Bed agglomeration characteristics in fluidized-bed combustion of biomass fuels using olivine as bed material. Energy Fuels, 26, 4550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gungor, A. 2008. Analysis of combustion efficiency in CFB coal combustors. Fuel, 87, 1083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gy, P. 1998. Echantillonnage, Techniques De L’ingénieur Chimie Analytique: Échantillonnage, Instrumentation, Métrologie, Techniques de l'ingénieur, pp. 220.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen, J., Spliid, H., Hansen, T., Svärd, Å., and Christensen, T. 2004. Assessment of sampling and chemical analysis of source-separated organic household waste. Waste Manage., 24, 541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A.A., De Jong, W., Jansens, P.J., and Spliethoff, H. 2009. Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: potential problems and remedies. Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Kuo, J., Wey, M., Chang, S., and Wang, K. 2009. Inhibition and promotion: the effect of earth alkali metals and operating temperature on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration in fluidized bed. Powder Technol., 189, 57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Peng, T., and Wang, W. 2011. Effect of particle size distribution on agglomeration/defluidization during fluidized bed combustion. Powder Technol., 207, 290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., and Wey, M. 2004. The effect of mineral composition of waste and operating conditions on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration. Fuel, 83, 2335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Wey, M., and You, S. 2002. The effect of particle size distribution on minimum fluidization velocity at high temperature. Powder Technol., 126, 297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind, T. 1999. Ash formation in circulating fluidized bed combustion of coal and solid biomass. VTT Publications, Espoo, Doctoral thesis.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Peng, T., and Lin, C. 2014. Impact of CaO and CaCO3 addition on agglomeration/defluidization and heavy metal emission during waste combustion in fluidized-bed. Fuel Process. Technol., 118, 171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S., Guo, J., Chang, W., Yue, G., and Zhang, H. 2015. Study on the dynamic balance behaviors of bed material during the start-up process of a circulating fluidized bed boiler. Powder Technol., 280, 35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, C., Frach, M., Tirkschleit, M., Tandra, D., and Breeding, C. 2010. Fuel-specific on-load boiler cleaning solutions in waste incineration plants – challenges; concepts, experience. Proceedings of the 18th annual North American waste to energy conference, pp. 277–282.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, S., Gómez-Barea, A., Fuentes-Cano, D., and Ollero, P. 2012. Gasification of biomass and waste in a staged fluidized bed gasifier: modeling and comparison with one-stage units. Fuel, 97, 730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pell, M. 1990. Gas fluidization. Williams, J., and Allen, T. Eds., Handbook of Powder Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 8, Chap. 2. pp. 9–19.
   Google Scholar
• Scala, F. 2018. Particle agglomeration during fluidized bed combustion: mechanisms, early detection and possible countermeasures. Fuel Process. Technol., 171, 31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipilä, K. 2016. Cogeneration, biomass, waste to energy and industrial waste heat for district heating. Wiltshire, R. Ed., Advanced District Heating and Cooling (DHC) Systems, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, Vol. 1, Chap. 3. pp. 45–73.
   Google Scholar
• Skagersten, J., Saeed, L., and Järvinen, M. 2015. Thermal treatment of solid recovered fuel in a pilot scale circulating fluidized bed. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Fluidized Bed Conversion. Vol. 2, pp. 307–313.
   Google Scholar
• Steenari, B.M., Lindqvist, O., and Langer, V. 1998. Ash sintering and deposit formation in PFBC. Fuel, 77, 407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J., and Engstrom, F. 1987. Technical assessment of Ahlstrom Pyroflow and conventional bubbling fluidized bed combustion systems. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 38–54.
   Google Scholar
• Vainikka, P., Enestam, S., Silvennoinen, J., Taipale, R., Yrjas, P., Frantsi, A., Hannula, J., and Hupa, M. 2011. Bromine as an ash forming element in a fluidised bed boiler combusting solid recovered fuel. Fuel, 90, 1101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainio, E., Kinnunen, H., Laurén, T., Brink, A., Yrjas, P., DeMartini, N., and Hupa, M. 2016. Low-temperature corrosion in co-combustion of biomass and solid recovered fuels. Fuel, 184, 957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainio, E., Yrjas, P., Zevenhoven, M., Brink, A., Laurén, T., Hupa, M., Kajolinna, T., and Vesala, H. 2013. The fate of chlorine, sulfur, and potassium during co-combustion of bark, sludge, and solid recovered fuel in an industrial scale BFB boiler. Fuel Process. Technol., 105, 59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Caneghem, J., Brems, A., Lievens, P., Block, C., Billen, P., Vermeulen, I., Dewil, R., Baeyens, J., and Vandecasteele, C. 2012. Fluidized bed waste incinerators: design, operational and environmental issues. Prog. Energy Combustion Sci., 38, 551–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., and Anthony, E. 2009. CO oxidation and the inhibition effects of halogen species in fluidized bed combustion. Combust. Theor. Model., 13, 105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M., Shih, K., and Lin, C. 2012. Impact of bed particle size distribution on the distribution of heavy metal during defluidization process in fluidized bed incinerator. Combust. Sci. Technol., 184, 811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Meng, A., and Chen, C. 2010. Carbon monoxide formation and emissions during waste incineration in a grate-circulating fluidized bed incinerator. Waste Manage. Res., 29, 294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar