The Spontaneous Combustion of Chemically Activated Carbons from South African Coal Waste

References

• Abdulsalam, J., J. Mulopo, B. Oboirien, S. Bada, and R. Falcon. 2019. Experimental evaluation of activated carbon derived from South Africa discard coal for natural gas storage. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 6:459–77.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulsalam, J., J. Mulopo, S. Bada, and B. Oboirien. 2020a. Natural gas storage properties of adsorbents synthesised from three different coal waste in South Africa. Fuel 267:117157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulsalam, J., M. Onifade, J. Mulopo, and S. Bada. 2020b. Self-heating characteristics of materials for producing activated carbon. Int. J. Coal Prep. Util 1–17.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2020.1729138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadpour, A., and D. Do. 1996. The preparation of active carbons from coal by chemical and physical activation. Carbon 34:471–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila, C., T. Wu, and E. Lester. 2014. Petrographic characterization of coals as a tool to detect spontaneous combustion potential. Fuel 125:173–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, D. C., J. C. S. Araujo, M. Bastos-Neto, A. E. B. Torres, E. F. Jaguaribe, and C. L. Cavalcante. 2007. Microporous activated carbon prepared from coconut shells using chemical activation with zinc chloride. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 100:361–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, S. C. 2000. Prevention and combating mine fires. New Delhi, India: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beamish, B. B., M. A. Barakat, and J. D. S. George. 2001. Spontaneous-combustion propensity of New Zealand coals under adiabatic conditions. Int. J. Coal Geol. 45:217–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bénard, P., and R. Chahine. 2007. Storage of hydrogen by physisorption on carbon and nanostructured materials. Scr Mater 56:803–08.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunauer, S., P. H. Emmett, and E. Teller. 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60:309–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buettner, L. C., C. A. Leduc, and T. G. Glover. 2014. Instantaneous ignition of activated carbon. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:15793–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchell, T. D. 1999. Carbon materials for advanced technologies. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, A., B. Cardoso, J. Pires, and M. B. De Carvalho. 2003. Preparation of activated carbons from cork waste by chemical activation with KOH. Carbon 41:2873–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caturla, F., M. Molina-Sabio, and F. Rodriguez-Reinoso. 1991. Preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Carbon 29:999–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudzińska, A. 2014. The effect of pore volume of hard coals on their susceptibility to spontaneous combustion. J. Chem. 2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eroglu, H. 1992. Factors affecting spontaneous combustion liability index. Johannesburg, South Africa: University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M., E. Halliop, and J. Macdonald. 1999. The production of chemically-activated carbon. Carbon 37:269–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcon, R., and A. Ham. 1988. The characteristics of South African coals. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 88:145–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fierro, V., V. Torné-Fernández, and A. Celzard. 2007. Methodical study of the chemical activation of Kraft lignin with KOH and NaOH. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 101:419–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbadamosi, A., M. Onifade, B. Genc, and S. Rupprecht. 2020. Spontaneous combustion liability indices of coal. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2020.1754208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genc, B., and A. Cook. 2015. Spontaneous combustion risk in South African coalfields. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 115:563–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouws, M., and L. Wade. 1989. The self-heating liability of coal: Predictions based on composite indices. Min. Sci. Technol. 9:81–85.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg, S. J., K. S. W. Sing, and H. Salzberg. 1967. Adsorption surface area and porosity. J. Electrochem. Soc. 114:279C–279C.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, L.-Y., and H. Teng. 2000. Influence of different chemical reagents on the preparation of activated carbons from bituminous coal. Fuel Process. Technol. 64:155–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z., M. P. Srinivasan, and Y. Ni. 2000. Preparation of mesoporous high‐surface‐area activated carbon. Adv. Mater. 12:62–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, D., D. Rowlands, and J. Cudmore Spontaneous combustion of some Queensland coals. Proceedings of ignitions, explosions, and fires in coal mines symposium, 1981. 5–1.
   Google Scholar
• Kaji, R., Y. Hishinuma, and Y. Nakamura. 1985. Low temperature oxidation of coals: Effects of pore structure and coal composition. Fuel 64:297–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaymakci, E., and V. Didari. 2001. Relations between coal properties and spontaneous combustion parameters. Turk. J. Eng. Environ. Sci. 26:59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D.-W., H.-S. Kil, K. Nakabayashi, S.-H. Yoon, and J. Miyawaki. 2017. Structural elucidation of physical and chemical activation mechanisms based on the microdomain structure model. Carbon 114:98–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhart, L. S. 1978. An analysis of combustion within surface mine spoils and of its consequent effects on the environment and reclamation practices.
   Google Scholar
• Lillo-Ródenas, M., D. Cazorla-Amorós, and A. Linares-Solano. 2003. Understanding chemical reactions between carbons and NaOH and KOH: An insight into the chemical activation mechanism. Carbon 41:267–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares-Solano, A., M. Lillo-Ródenas, J. P. Marco-Lozar, M. Kunowsky, and A. J. Romero-Anaya. 2012. NaOH and KOH for preparing activated carbons used in energy and environmental applications. Int. J. Energy Environ. Econ. 20:355.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano-Castello, D., M. Lillo-Rodenas, D. Cazorla-Amoros, and A. Linares-Solano. 2001. Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite: I. Activation by KOH. Carbon 39:741–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lua, A. C., and T. Yang. 2004. Effect of activation temperature on the textural and chemical properties of potassium hydroxide activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 274:594–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohalik, N., D. Panigrahi, V. Singh, and R. Singh 2009. Assessment of spontaneous heating of coal by differential scanning calorimetric technique-an overview.
   Google Scholar
• Nimaje, D., and D. Tripathy. 2016. Characterization of some Indian coals to assess their liability to spontaneous combustion. Fuel 163:139–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimaje, D. S., D. Tripathy, and S. K. Nanda. 2013. Development of regression models for assessing fire risk of some Indian coals. Int J Intell Syst Appl 2:52–58.
   Google Scholar
• Nowicki, P., J. Kazmierczak, and R. Pietrzak. 2015. Comparison of physicochemical and sorption properties of activated carbons prepared by physical and chemical activation of cherry stones. Powder Technol. 269:312–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugroho, Y. S., A. Mcintosh, and B. Gibbs. 2000. Low-temperature oxidation of single and blended coals. Fuel 79:1951–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omri, A., and M. Benzina. 2012. Characterization of activated carbon prepared from a new raw lignocellulosic material: Ziziphus spina-christi seeds. Journal de la Société Chimique de Tunisie 14:175–83.
   Google Scholar
• Onifade, M. 2019. Spontaneous combustion liability of coals and coal-shales in South African coalfields.
   Google Scholar
• Onifade, M., and B. Genc. 2019. Spontaneous combustion liability of coal and coal-shale: A review of prediction methods. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-019-0242-9
   Google Scholar
• Otowa, T., R. Tanibata, and M. Itoh. 1993. Production and adsorption characteristics of MAXSORB: High-surface-area active carbon. Gas Sep. Purif. 7:241–45.
   Google Scholar
• Panella, B., M. Hirscher, and S. Roth. 2005. Hydrogen adsorption in different carbon nanostructures. Carbon 43:2209–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S.-J., and W.-Y. Jung. 2002. Effect of KOH activation on the formation of oxygen structure in activated carbons synthesized from polymeric precursor. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 250:93–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezoti, O., Cazetta, A. L., Bedin, K. C., Souza, L. S., Martins, A. C., Silva, T. L., Júnior, O. O. S., Visentainer, J. V. & Almeida, V. C. 2016. NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from guava seeds as a high-efficiency adsorbent for amoxicillin removal: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 288: 778–788.
   Google Scholar
• Research, M. a. M. 2017. Activated carbon market - global forecast to 2021. Market Research Report.
   Google Scholar
• Roskill, I. 2008. The economics of activated Carbon. London: Roskill Information Services Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Rouquerol, J., P. Llewellyn, and F. Rouquerol. 2007. Is the BET equation applicable to microporous adsorbents? Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal 160:1016.
   Google Scholar
• Said, K. O., M. Onifade, A. I. Lawal, and J. M. Githiria. 2020. Computational intelligence-based models for predicting the spontaneous combustion liability of coal. Int. J. Coal Prep. Util 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2020.1741558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevilla, M., A. Fuertes, and R. Mokaya. 2011. Preparation and hydrogen storage capacity of highly porous activated carbon materials derived from polythiophene. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36:15658–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzin, Y., L. Buettner, and C. Leduc. 1998. Behavior of impregnated activated carbons heated to the point of oxidation. Carbon 36:1557–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzin, Y., L. Buettner, and C. Leduc. 1999. Characterizing the ignition process of activated carbon. Carbon 37:335–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadda, M., A. Ahsan, A. Shitu, M. Elsergany, T. Arunkumar, B. Jose, M. A. Razzaque, and N. N. Daud. 2016. A review on activated carbon: Process, application, and prospects. J Adv. Civ. Eng. Pract. Res. 2:7–13.
   Google Scholar
• Thommes, M., K. Kaneko, A. V. Neimark, J. P. Olivier, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, J. Rouquerol, and K. S. Sing. 2015. Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl. Chem. 87:1051–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, R.-L., and S.-K. Tseng. 2005. Pore structure and adsorption performance of the KOH-activated carbons prepared from corncob. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287:428–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uludag, S., H. R. Phillips, and N. Eroglu 2001. Assessing spontaneous combustion risk in South African coal mines using a GIS tool. Unpublished MSc Dissertation. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 154p.
   Google Scholar
• Vaan Graan, M., and J. Bunt Evaluation of TGA method to predict the ignition temperature and spontaneous combustion propensity of coals of different rank. International conference on advances in science, engineering, technology, and natural resources (ICASETNR-16), Parys, South Africa, 2016. 24–25.
   Google Scholar
• Vamvuka, D., S. Troulinos, and E. Kastanaki. 2006. The effect of mineral matter on the physical and chemical activation of low-rank coal and biomass materials. Fuel 85:1763–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, L., M. J. Gouws, and H. R. Phillips. An apparatus to establish the spontaneous combustion propensity of South African coals.1987. Proceedings of the Symposium on Safety in Coal Mines, CSIR, 7.1-7.2, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, H., Q. Gao, and J. Hu. 2009. High hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbons prepared by using activated carbon. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131:7016–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., R. He, and Y. Chen. 2008. Evolution of porous fractal properties during coal devolatilization. Fuel 87:878–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, W. L., and I. A. Breger. 1950. Vacuum differential thermal analysis. Science 111:279–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, Y., and B.-X. Han. 2001. Preparation of activated carbons from Chinese coal and hydrolysis lignin. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 19:59–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar