Numerical Study of the External Heat Source Effect on Polymer Burning

References

• An, W., H. Xiao, K. M. Liew, L. Jiang, W. Yan, Y. Zhou, X. Huang, J. Sun, and L. Gao. 2015. Downward flame spread over extruded polystyrene. Effects of sample thickness, pressure, and sidewalls. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 119 (2):1091–103. doi:10.1007/s10973-014-4186-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyler, C. L., and M. M. Hirschler. 2002. Thermal decomposition of polymers. In SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, 2nd ed., 110–31. Boston: National Fire Protection Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Chung, S.-L., and S.-M. Tsang. 1991. Soot control during the combustion of polystyrene. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 41 (6):821–26. doi:10.1080/10473289.1991.10466879.
   Google Scholar
• Emissivity Values for Common Materials, Infrared Services, Inc. 2020. https://www.infrared-thermography.com/material-1.htm (accessed 10 July 2020)
   Google Scholar
• Correa, S. M., and G. Arbilla. 2008. Carbonyl emissions in diesel and biodiesel exhaust. Atmos. Environ. 42 (4):769–75. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delichatsios, M. M., P. Wu, M. A. Delichatsios, G. D. Lougheed, G. P. Crampton, C. Qian, H. Ishida, and K. Saito. 1994. Effect of external radiant heat flux on upward fire spread: Measurements on plywood and numerical predictions. Fire Safety Science. 4:421–32. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.4-421.
   Google Scholar
• Dias, V., C. Duynslaegher, F. Contino, J. Vandooren, and H. Jeanmart. 2012. Experimental and modeling study of formaldehyde combustion in flames. Combust. Flame 159 (5):1814–20. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergut, A., Y. A. Levendis, and J. Carlson. 2007. Emissions from the combustion of polystyrene, styrene and ethylbenzene under diverse conditions. Fuel 86 (12–13):1789–99. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, E., D. A. Rani, C. R. Cheeseman, D. Deegan, M. Wisec, and A. R. Boccaccini. 2009. Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes: A critical review. J. Hazard. Mater. 161 (2–3):614–26. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, D. G., R. L. Speth, H. K. Moffat, and B. W. Weber 2018. Cantera: An object-oriented software toolkit for chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport processes, https://www.cantera.org, Version 2.4.0. (accessed 12 February 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Hall, A. R., J. C. McCoubrey, and H. G. Wolfhard. 1957. Some properties of formaldehyde flame. Combust. Flame 1 (1):53–59. doi:10.1016/0010-2180(57)90030-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heberlein, J., and A. B. Murphy. 2008. Thermal plasma waste treatment. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys 41 (5):053001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/5/053001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki, T., Y. Okamoto, F. Kaminaga, M. Sekiya, H. Nakamura, and M. Sato. 1993. Thermal visualization study of friction surface and its estimation. In Experimental heat transfer, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, ed. M. D. Kelleher, R. K. Shah, K. R. Sreenivasan, and Y. Joshi, 739–44. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Juanico, L. E. 2020. Thermal insulation of roofs by using multiple air gaps separated by insulating layers of low infrared emissivity. Constr. Build. Mater. 230:116931. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korobeinichev, O., R. Glaznev, A. Karpov, A. Shaklein, A. Shmakov, A. Paletsky, S. Trubachev, Y. Hu, X. Wang, and W. Hu. 2020. An experimental study and numerical simulation of horizontal flame spread over polyoxymethylene in still air. Fire Safety J. 111:102924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, F. S., W. H. McClennen, -X.-X. Deng, G. D. Silcox, and K. Allison. 1992. Hydrocarbon and formaldehyde emissions from the combustion of pulverized wood waste. Combust. Sci. Technol. 85:259–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Z. Zhao, A. Kazakov, M. Chaos, F. L. Dryer, and J. J. Scire. 2007. A comprehensive kinetic mechanism for CO, CH2O, and CH3OH combustion. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 39:109–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, M., and D. Liu. 2017. On the effects of hydrogen addition in premixed formaldehyde flames. Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 42:3824–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X., E. Hu, X. Li, and Z. Huang. 2016. Experimental and kinetic study on laminar flame speeds of styrene and ethylbenzene. Fuel 185:916–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, W. K., S. Dooley, and F. L. Dryer. 2011. Comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic modeling study of toluene oxidation. Energ. Fuel. 25:4915–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe, W. K., S. M. Burke, S. S. Ahmed, and H. J. Curran. 2013. A hierarchical and comparative kinetic modeling study of C1 − C2 hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 45:638–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modest, M. F. 2003. Radiative heat transfer. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy, K., G. Blanquart, and H. Pitsch. 2010. A consistent chemical mechanism for oxidation of substituted aromatic species. Combust. Flame 157:1879–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olm, C., T. Varga, E. Valko, H. J. Curran, and T. Turanyi. 2017. Uncertainty quantification of a newly optimized methanol and formaldehyde combustion mechanism. Combust. Flame 186:45–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pejpichestakul, W., E. Ranzi, M. Pelucchi, A. Frassoldati, A. Cuoci, A. Parente, and T. Faravelli. 2019. Examination of a soot model in premixed laminar flames at fuel-rich conditions. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37:1013–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito, K., F. A. Williams, I. S. Wichman, and J. G. Quintiere. 1989. Upward turbulent flame spread on wood under external radiation. J. Heat Transfer. 111:438–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sazhin, S. S., and E. M. Sazhina. 1996. The effective-emissivity approximation for the thermal radiation transfer problem. Fuel 75:1646–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, J., B. Jing, X. Zou, H. Luo, and W. Dai. 2009. Investigation on thermo-stabilization effect and nonisothermal degradation kinetics of the new compound additives on polyoxymethylene. J. Mater. Sci. 44:1251–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. P., D. M. Golden, M. Frenklach, N. W. Moriarty, B. Eiteneer, M. Goldenberg, C. T. Bowman, R. K. Hanson, S. Song, W. C. Gardiner Jr., et al. 2002. GRI-Mech 3.0, Reaction mechanism, http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/(accessed 18 March 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Snegirev, A. Y., V. A. Talalov, V. V. Stepanov, and J. N. Harris. 2012. Formal kinetics of polystyrene pyrolysis in non-oxidizing atmosphere. Thermochim. Acta. 548:17–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoliarov, S. I., and R. N. Walters. 2008. Determination of the heats of gasification of polymers using differential scanning calorimetry. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93:422‐427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, H., Y. Pan, J. H. Wang, J. H. Gong, A. P. Ding, and J. C. Jiang. 2018. Flame spread characteristics of inclined extruded polystyrene thermal insulation material. Procedia Eng. 211:651–58.
   Google Scholar
• Westblad, C., Y. A. Levendis, H. Richter, J. B. Howard, and J. Carlson. 2002. A study on toxic organic emissions from batch combustion of styrene. Chemosphere. 49:395–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitworth, C. G., S. Babko-Malyi, D. M. Battleson, and S. J. Olstad. 1998. Organic compound destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for plasma incinerator off-gases using an electrically heated secondary combustion chamber. Waste Manage. 18:493–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, M. G. 1974. Incinerator with afterburner, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA: United States Patent and Trademark Office. United States Patent No. US3792671A.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, W., Y. Li, P. Dagaut, J. Yang, and F. Qi. 2015. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of styrene combustion. Combust. Flame 162:1868–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H., Y. Ge, C. Hao, X. Hana, M. Fu, L. Yu, and A. N. Shah. 2010. Carbonyl compound emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends. Sci. Total Environ. 408:3607–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar