References
- Adusumilli, S., J. E. Chaplen, and D. L. Blunck. 2021. Firebrand generation rates at the source for trees and a shrub. Front. Mech. Eng. 7:655593. doi:10.3389/fmech.2021.655593.
- Almeida, M., L. Porto, and D. Viegas. 2021. Characterization of firebrands released from different burning tree species. Front. Mech. Eng. 7:651135. doi:10.3389/fmech.2021.651135.
- Badia, A., M. Pallares-Barbera, N. Valldeperas, and M. Gisbert. 2019. Wildfires in the wildland-urban interface in Catalonia: Vulnerability analysis based on land use and land cover change. Sci. Total Environ. 673:184–96. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.012.
- Barr, B. W., and O. A. Ezekoye. 2013. Thermo-mechanical modeling of firebrand breakage on a fractal tree. Proc. Combust. Inst. 34 (2):2649–56. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.066.
- Beverly, J. L., and P. Bothwell. 2011. Wildfire evacuations in Canada 1980–2007. Nat. Hazards 59 (1):571–96. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9777-9.
- California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE). 2020. List largest wildfires. Accessed December, 2021. https://www.fire.ca.gov/media/4jandlhh/top20_acres.pdf.
- Di Cristina, G., N. S. Skowronski, A. Simeoni, A. S. Rangwala, and S. Im. 2021. Flame spread predictions over linear discrete fuel arrays using an empirical B-number model and stagnation point flow. Combust. Flame 234:111644. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111644.
- Hudson, T. R., R. B. Bray, D. L. Blunck, W. Page, and B. Butler. 2020. Effects of fuel morphology on ember generation characteristics at the tree scale. Int. J. Wildland Fire 29 (11):1042–51. doi:10.1071/WF19182.
- Li, B., L. Ding, A. Simeoni, J. Ji, H. Wan, and L. Yu. 2021. Numerical investigation of the flow characteristics around two tandem propane fires in a windy environment. Fuel 286 (2):119344. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119344.
- Manzello, S. L., K. Almand, E. Guillaume, S. Vallerent, S. Hameury, and T. Hakkarainen. 2018. FORUM position paper, the growing global Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) fire Dilemma: Priority needs for research. Fire Saf. J. 100:64–66. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.07.003.
- Manzello, S. L., A. Maranghides, and W. E. Mell. 2007. Firebrand generation from burning vegetation. Int. J. Wildland Fire 16 (4):458–62. doi:10.1071/WF06079.
- Manzello, S. L., A. Maranghides, J. R. Shields, W. E. Mell, Y. Hayashi, and D. Nii. 2009. Mass and size distribution of firebrands generated from burning Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) trees. Fire Mater. 22 (1):21–31. doi:10.1002/fam.977.
- Manzello, S. L., and S. Suzuki .2021. The combustion of noble-fir trees in the presence of an applied wind field. 12th US National Combustion Meeting, College Station, Texas (Virtual).
- Manzello, S. L., S. Suzuki, M. Gollner, and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. 2020. Role of firebrand combustion in large outdoor fire spread. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 76:100801. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100801.
- Schneider, L., B. Betting, M. Patterson, N. Skowronski, and A. Simeoni. 2021. Experimental study of fire spread through discontinuous fuels without flame contact. Fire Saf. J. 120:103066. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103066.
- Suzuki, S., and S. L. Manzello. 2017. Experiments to prove the scientific-basis for laboratory standard test methods for firebrand exposure. Fire Saf. J. 91:784–90. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.055.
- Suzuki, S., and S. L. Manzello. 2019. Investigation effect of wind speeds on structural firebrand generation in laboratory scale experiments. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 130:135–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.045.
- Suzuki, S., S. L. Manzello, and Y. Hayashi. 2013. The size and mass distribution of firebrands collected from ignited building components exposed to wind. Proc. Combust. Inst. 34 (2):2479–85. doi:10.1016/j.proci.2012.06.061.
- Xanthopoulos, G., and M. Athanasiou. 2020. Crown fire. In Encyclopedia of wildfires and wildland-urban interface (WUI) Fires, ed. S. L. Manzello. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_13-1.
- Zhou, K., J. Jia, and J. Zhu. 2017. Experimental research on the burning behavior of dragon juniper tree. Fire Mater. 42 (2):173–82. doi:10.1002/fam.2469.