Mechanistic Studies on the Combustion of Isotopically Labelled Cyclohexanes within a Single Cylinder Internal Combustion Engine

REFERENCES

• Adamczyk , A. A. , Kaiser , E. W. and Lavoie , G. A. ( 1983 ), A Combustion Bomb Study of the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Engine Crevices. Combust. Sci. Technol. , 33 , 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allara . D. L. and Shore , R. ( 1980 ). J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. , 9 , 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckwith , A. L. J. ( 1981 ). Regio-selectivity and Stereo-selectivity in Radical Reactions. Tetrahedron. , 37 , 3073 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , P. J. , Gregory , D. and Jackson , R. A. Unpublished work. ,
   Google Scholar
• Benson , S. W. ( 1986 ). Combustion, a Chemical and Kinetic View. Twenty-First Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh , pp. 703 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Biemann , K. ( 1962 ). Mass Spectrometry: Organic Chemical Applications , McGraw-Hill, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Billaud , F. , Duret , M. , Elyahyaoui K. and Baronnel , F. ( 1991 ). Survey of Recent Cyclohexane Pyrolysis Literature and Stoichiometric Analysis of Cyclohexane Decomposition. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 30 , 1469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billaud , F. , Chaverot , P. , Berthelin M. and Freund , E. ( 1988 ). Thermal Decomposition of Cyclohexane at approximately 810°C. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 27 , 759 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezinsky , K. ( 1986 ). The High-temperature Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 12 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezinsky , K. , Burke , E. J. , and Classman , I. ( 1984 ). The High Temperature Oxidation of 1,3- Butadiene. Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh , pp. 613 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• California Air Resources Board . ( 1989 ). Motor Vehicle Toxics: Assessment of Sources , Potential Risks and Control Measures. California .
   Google Scholar
• Chakir , A. , Cathonnet , M. , Boeltner J. C. and Gaillard , F. ( 1988 ). Kinetic Study of 1-Butene Oxidation in a Jet-stirred Flow Reactor. Twenty-second Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , pp. 873 – 881 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , W. K , Hamrin , D. , Heywood J. B. , Hochgreb , S. , Min , K. and Norris , M. ( 1993 ). An Overview of Hydrocarbon Emissions Mechanisms in Spark-Ignition Engines. SAE paper no. 932708 , The Society of Automotive Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster , N. M. and Shore , P. R. ( 1990 ). An Investigation into the Production of Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Gasoline Engine Tested on Chemically Defined Fuels. SAE paper no. 900354 , The Society of Automotive Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Dóobé , S. , Berces , T. ( 1988 ). Isomerisation of Radicals. In Alfassi , Z. B. (ed), Chemical Kinetics of Small Organic Radicals , CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton , Florida , 1 , 89 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Droege , A.T. and Tully , F. P. ( 1987 ). Hydrogen-atom Abstraction from Alkanes by OH. 6. Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane. J. Phys. Chem. , 91 , 1222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furey , R. L. and Nagel , B. E. ( 1986 ). Composition of Vapor Emitted from a Vehicle Gasoline Tank During Refueling. SAE paper no. 860086 , The Society of Automotive Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Gierczak , T. , Gawlowski , J. and Niedzielski , J. ( 1990 ). Isomerization of Excited Cyclohexyl, l-Hexen-6-yl and Cyclopentylmethyl Radicals. J. Photochem. Photoblol. A: Chem. , 55 , 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grob . C. A. and Kammuller , H. ( 1957 ). Eine Radikalisomerisierung unter homolytischer 1, 5- Wasser-stoffverschiebung. Helv. Chim. Acta. , 40 , 2139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulali , S. K. and Walker , R. W. ( 1989 ). Addition of Cyclohexane to Slowly Reacting Hr02 Mixtures at 480°C. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. , 2. 85 . 1799 .
   Google Scholar
• Hammins , A. , And erson , D. T. and Miller , J. H. ( 1990 ). Mechanistic Studies of Toluene Destruction in Diffusion Flames. Combust. Sci. Technol. , 71 , 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houle , F. A. and Beauchamp , J. L. ( 1981 ). Thermal Decomposition Pathways of Alkyl Radicals by PhotoElcctron Spectroscopy. Application to Cyclopentyl and Cyclohexyl Radicals. J. Phys. Chem. , 85 , 3456 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibuki , T. , Tsuji , A. , and Takezaki , Y. ( 1976 ). Isomerization of Chemically Activated l-Buten-l-yl and l-Buten-4-yl radicals. J. Phys. Chem. , 80 , 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , E. W. , Siegl , W. O. , Henig , Y. I. , And erson , R. W. and Trinker , F. H. ( 1991 a). Effect of Fuel Structure on Emissions from a Spark-Ignited Engine. Environ. Sci. Technoi. , 25 , 2005 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , E. W. , Andino , J. M Siegl , W. O. , Hammerle , R. H. and Butler , J. W. ( 1991 b). Hydrocar- bon and Aldehyde Emissions from an Engine Fueled with Ethyl t-Butyl Ether. J. Air. Waste. Manage. Assoc. , 41 , 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser . E. W. , Siegl , W. O. , Cotton , D. F. and Anderson , R. W. (1992). Effect of Fuel Structure on Emissions from a Spark-Ignited Engine. 2. Naphthene and Aromatic Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 26, 1581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , E. W. , Siegl , W. O. , Cotton D. F. and Anderson , R. W. ( 1993 ). Effect of Fuel Structure on Emissions from a Spark-Ignited Engine. 3. Olefinic Fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. , 27 , 1440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , E. W. , LoRusso , J. A. , Lavoie G. A. and Adamczyk , A. A. ( 1982 ). The Effect of Oil Layers on the Hydrocarbon Emissions from Spark-Ignited Engines. Combust, Sci. Technol. , 28 , 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie , G. A. , Adamczyk , A. A. , Kaiser E. W. , Cooper , J. W. and Rothschild , W. G. ( 1986 ). Engine HC Emissions Modeling: Partial Burn Effects. Combust. Sci. Technol. , 49 , 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipnick , R. L. ( 1974 ). NMR Spectroscopy of Cyclopentane Derivatives. I. Cyclopentane and Cyclopentanone. J. Mol. Structure. , 21 , 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manion , J. A. and Louw , R. ( 1990 ). Rates and Mechanisms of Gas-phase Desubstitution of Hexadeuteriobenzene and Benzene Derivatives C6H5X, X = CH3, CF3, OH, CI, and F, by H Atoms Between 898 and 1039 K. J. Phys. Chem. , 94 , 4127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namazian , M. and Heywood , J. B. ( 1982 ). Flow in the Piston-Cylinder-Ring Crevices of a Spark-Ignition Engine: Effect on Hydrocarbon Emissions, Efficiency and Power. , SAE paper no. 820088, The Society of Automotive Engineers,
   Google Scholar
• Nicovich , J. M. and Ravishankara . A. R. ( 1984 ). Reaction of Hydrogen Atom with Benzene: Kinetics and Mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. , 88 , 2534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeffer , H.-J. ( 1989 ), Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Traces of Light Hydrocarbons-a Review of Different Systems in Practice. J. High. Res. Chromatog. , 12 , 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidbauer , N. and Oehme , M. ( 1986 ). Improvement of a Cryogenic Preconcentration Unit for C2-C6 Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air at ppt Levels. J. High. Res. Chromatog. Chromatog. Comm. , 9 , 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Siegl , W. O. , McCabe , R. W. , Chun W. , Kaiser , E. W. , Perry , J. , Henig , Y. I. , Trinker , F. H. and Anderson , R, W. ( 1992 ). Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Combustion of Single Component Fuels. 1 Effect of Fuel Structure. J. Air. Waste. Manage. Assoc. , 42 , 912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. D. ( 1979 ). A Direct Mass Spectrometric Study on the Mechanism of Toluene Pyrotysis at High Temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. , 83 , 1553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang , W. ( 1978 ). Thermal Stability of Cyclohexane and 1-Hexene. Int. J. Chem. Kin. , 10 , 1119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Clean Air Act ( 1990 ) For a Summary See Lee , B. J. , ( 1991 ). J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. , 41 , 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar