Heavy‐Metal Concentration of Sewage‐Contaminated Water and Its Impact on Underground Water, Soil, and Crop Plants in Alluvial Soils of Northwestern India

References

• 1976 . Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water , 14th Edn New York : American Public Health Association . APHA
   Google Scholar
• Arora , B. R. , Azad , A. S. , Singh , B. and Sekhon , G. S. 1985 . Pollution potential of municipal waste of Ludhiana, Punjab, India . Journal of Agricultural Science , 45 : 80 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Azad , A. S. , Arora , B. R. , Singh , B. and Sekhon , G. S. 1987 . Effect of sewage waste waters on some soil properties . Indian Journal of Ecology , 14 : 7 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Brar , M. S. , Malhi , S. S. , Singh , A. P. , Arora , C. L. and Gill , K. S. 2000 . Sewage water irrigation effects on some potentially toxic trace elements in soil and potato plants in northwestern India . Canadian Journal of Soil Science , 80 : 465 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , D. K. 2000 . Micronutrients: Their behavior in Soils and Plants New Delhi, , India : Kalyani .
   Google Scholar
• Das , D. K. and Kumar , M. 1996 . Interaction between Zn and Cd in submerged soil in relation to nutrition of rice . Indian Agriculture , 40 : 45 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghafoor , A. , Oadir , M. , Sadiq , M. , Murtaza , G. and Brar , M. S. 2004 . Lead, copper, zinc and iron concentration in soils and vegetables irrigated by city effluent and urban agricultural lands . Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science , 52 : 114 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , A. P. , Antil , R. S. and Singh , A. Composition of some sewer waters and their effect on soil properties . Proceedings of National Seminar on Monitoring and Control of Environmental Pollution . pp. 419 – 425 . Chandigarh, Punjab, , India
   Google Scholar
• Jelinek , C. F. 1982 . Levels of lead in the United States food supply . Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists , 65 : 942 – 948 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabata , P. and Pendias , H. 1992 . Trace Elements in Soils and Plants Boca Raton, Fl : CRC Press Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kansal , B. D. 1992 . “ Effect of waste disposal on soils and plants ” . In Changing Scenario of Our Environment Edited by: Dhaliwal , G. S. , Hansra , B. S. and Jerath , N. 197 – 206 . Ludhiana, Punjab, , India : Punjab Agricultural University .
   Google Scholar
• Kansal , B. D. and Khurana , M. P.S. Effect of contamination of alluvial soils with Cadmium . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contaminants in the Soil Environment in the Australia‐Pacific Region . December 12–17 , New Delhi, India. Edited by: Aggarwal , B. S. , Dureja , P. and Dikshit , A. K. pp. 309 – 310 . New Delhi, , India : Indian Network for Soil Contamination Research .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , M. A. 2001 . Pollution of water resources due to industrialization in arid zone of Rajasthan . Indian Journal of Environmental Science , 13 : 218 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Khurana , M. P.S. , Singh , M. and Nayyar , V. K. 2004 . Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils and plants irrigated with sewage waters containing industrial effluents in district Amritsar, Punjab, India . Indian Journal of Environmental Ecoplan , 8 : 221 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Khurshid , S. , Zaheeruddin , M.hd. and Shabeer , U. 1997 . Degradation of water quality due to heavy metal pollution in Faridabad district, Haryana, India . Pollution Research , 16 : 41 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Kilmer , V. J. and Alexander , L. T. 1949 . Methods of making mechanical analysis . Soil Science , 68 : 15 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaravelu , M. , Dhakshinamoorthy , M. and Chitralekha , R. 2000 . Effect of tannery effluent on soil physico‐chemical properties and growth of finger millet . Madras Agriculture Journal , 87 : 253 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay , W. L. and Norvell , W. A. 1978 . Development of DTPA soil tests for zinc, iron, manganese and copper . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 42 : 421 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClean , C. J. , Cresser , M. S. , Smart , R. P. , Aydinalp , C. and Karkat , A. V. Unsustainable irrigation practices in the Bursa plain, Turkey . Proceedings of the 7th International Specialised IWA Conference . August 17–21 . Diffuse Pollution and Basin Management , Edited by: Bruen , M. pp. 60 – 65 . Dublin, , Ireland : International Water Association .
   Google Scholar
• Misra , A. K. , Sarkunan , V. , Das , M. and Nayar , P. K. 1990 . Transformation of added heavy metals in soils under flooded condition . Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science , 38 : 416 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . National Environmental Quality Standards: Gazette of Pakistan, Extraordinary Islamabad, , Pakistan : Environmental and Urban Affairs Division; Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency . NEQS
   Google Scholar
• Puri , A. N. 1930 . A new method for estimating total carbonates in soils . Imperial Agriculture Research Pusa Bulletin , 206 : 7
   Google Scholar
• Richards , L. A. 1954 . Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils Edited by: Richards , L. A. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . USDA Handbook No. 60
   Google Scholar
• Sakal , R. , Prasad , A. K. and Singh , A. P. 1992 . Depthwise distribution of heavy metals in soil receiving sewage sludge . Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science , 40 : 732 – 737 .
   Google Scholar
• Satyavathi , P. L.A. , Sharma , J. P. and Srivastava , R. 1994 . Contribution of soil organic matter, clay and silt to the cation exchange capacity of soil . Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science , 42 : 14 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , V. K. and Kansal , B. D. 1986 . Heavy metal contamination of soils and plants with sewage irrigation . Pollution Research , 4 : 86 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , J. and Kansal , B. D. 1985 . Amount of nutrients and heavy metals in the waste water of different towns of Punjab and its evaluation for irrigation . Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural University , 22 : 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , J. , Kansal , B. D. and Panesar , R. S. 1985 . Chemical composition of waste water of Amritsar City . Indian Journal of Ecology , 12 : 12 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , B. , Srivastava , B. and Gupta , R. P. 1996 . Effect of industrial effluents on ground water quality at Sardarnagar, Gorakhpur (U.P.) . Journal of Living World , 3 : 61 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Tessier , A. P. , Campbell , G. C. and Bisson , M. 1979 . Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals . Analytical Chemistry , 51 : 844 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thamburaj , G. J. , Bose , S. M. and Nayadamma , Y. 1964 . Utilization of tannery effluents for agricultural purpose . Environmental Health , 6 : 1836 – 1838 .
   Google Scholar
• Tiwana , N. S. , Panesar , R. S. and Kansal , B. D. Characterization of waste water of highly industrialised city of Punjab . Proc. National Seminar. Impact of Environmental Protection of Future Development of India . pp. 119 – 126 . Nainital 1
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya , K. 1978 . Cadmium Studies in Japan: A review New York : Elsevier North‐Holland, Biomedical Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walkley , A. and Black , C. A. 1934 . An examination of Degtjareff method of determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method . Soil Science , 37 : 29 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1997 . Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Health Criteria and other Supporting Information , 2nd Edn. Vol. 1 , Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization . WHO
   Google Scholar