Calcium Carbide–Based Formulations Cause Slow Release of Acetylene and Ethylene in Soil and Nitrification Inhibition

References

• Arshad, M., and W. T. Frankenberger. 2002. Ethylene: Agricultural sources and applications. New York: Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee, N. K., and A. R. Mosier. 1989. Coated calcium carbide as a nitrification inhibitor in upland and flooded soils. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 37:306–313.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, S. P., L. N. Levis, A. J. Trewaves, and P. Kelley. 1982. Ethylene and abscission. In Ethylene and plant development, ed. J. A. Roberts and G. A. Trucker, 173. London: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Bibik, N. D., S. V. Letunova, E. V. Druchek, and G. S. Muromtsev. 1995. Effectiveness of soil-acting ethylene producer in obtaining sanitized seed potatoes. Russian Agricultural Sciences 9:19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. M., and D. R. Keeney. 1965. Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. Analytica Chimica 32:485–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronson, K. F., and A. R. Mosier. 1991. Effect of encapsulated calcium carbide on dinitrogen, nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide emissions from flooded rice. Biology and Fertility of Soils 11:116–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy, L. G., and J. M. Bremner. 1973. Inhibition of nitrification in soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 37:396–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buresh, R. J., E. R. Austin, and E. T. Craswell. 1982. Analytical methods in 15N research. Fertilizer Research 3:37–62.
   Google Scholar
• Freney, J. R., C. J. Smith, and A. R. Mosier. 1992. Effect of a new nitrification inhibitor (wax-coated calcium carbide) on transformations and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen by irrigated wheat. Fertilizer Research 32:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freney, J. R., D. L. Chen, A. R. Mosier, I. J. Rochester, G. A. Constable, and P. M. Chalk. 1993. Use of nitrification inhibitors to increase fertilizer nitrogen recovery and lint yield in irrigated cotton. Fertilizer Research 34:37–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freney, J. R., P. J. Randall, J. W. B. Smith, J. Hodgkin, K. J. Harrington, and T. C. Morton. 2000. Slow-release sources of acetylene to inhibit nitrification in soil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem 56:241–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauck, R. D. 1983. Agronomic and technological approaches to minimizing gaseous nitrogen losses from croplands. In Gaseous loss of nitrogen from plant–soil Systems, ed. J. R. Freney and J. R. Simpson, 285–312. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W Junk Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• ISRIC. 2002. Procedures for soil analysis. Rome, Italy: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Kashif, S. R., M. Yaseen, M. Arshad, and M. Ayub. 2008. Response of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) to soil given encapsulated calcium carbide. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40:175–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashif, S. R., M. Yaseen, R. Mahmood, and M. Arshad. 2007. Response of okra (Hibiscus aesculentus L.) to soil applied calcium carbide: An innovative approach. Proceedings of International Symposium on “Prospects of Horticulture Industry in Pakistan.” Faisalabad, Pakistan: Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney, D. R. 1983. Factors affecting the persistence and bioactivity of nitrification inhibitors. In Nitrification inhibitors: Potentials and limitations, eds. J. J. Meisinger, G. W. Randall, and M. L. Vitosh, 33–46. Madison, Wisc.: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Keeney, D. R., and D. W. Nelson. 1982. Nitrogen inorganic forms. In Methods of soil analysis, part 2: Chemical and microbiological properties, 2nd ed., ed. A. C. Page, R. H. Miller, and D. R. Keeney, 643–698. Madison, Wisc.: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Keerthisinghe, D. G., J. R. Freney, and A. R. Mosier. 1993. Effect of wax-coated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin on nitrogen loss and methane emission from dry seed flooded rice. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16:71–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, R. 2009. Effectiveness of calcium carbide for improving nutrient use efficiency and yield of wheat crop. PhD thesis, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmood, R., M. Yaseen, M. Arshad, and A. Tanvir. 2010. Comparative effect of different calcium-carbide-based formulations on growth and yield of wheat. Soil and Environment 29:33–37.
   Google Scholar
• McCarty, G. W., and J. M. Bremner. 1986. Inhibition of nitrification in soil by acetylenic compounds. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50:1198–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muromtsev, G. S., L. N. Reutovich, Z. L. Timpanova, I. Y. Gorbatenko, O. A. Shapoval, N. D. Bibik, G. S. Stepanov, and Y. V. Druchek. 1993. Retprol: New ethylene-releasing preparation of soil activity. Russian Agricultural Sciences 7:19–26.
   Google Scholar
• Muromtsev, G. S., V. N. Karnenko, and I. I. Chernyaeva. 1988. Ethylene-producing regulators of growth in plants. Inventor’s Certificate No. 1372649555, R. Byull. Izobret. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Patra, A. K., P. K. Chhonkar, and M. A. Khan. 2006. Effect of green manure Sesbania sesban and nitrification inhibitor encapsulated calcium carbide (ECC) on soil mineral N, enzyme activity, and nitrifying organisms in a rice–wheat cropping system. European Journal of Soil Biology 42:173–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolston, D. E. 1986. Gas flux. In Methods of soil analysis, part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods, eds. A. A. Klute, 1103–1119. Madison, Wisc.: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Slangen, J. H. G., and P. Kerkhoff. 1984. Nitrification inhibitors in agriculture and horticulture: A literature review. Fertilizer Research 5:1–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaseen, M., M. Arshad, and A. Khalid. 2006. Effect of acetylene and ethylene gases released from encapsulated CaC2 on growth and yield of wheat and cotton. Pedobiologia 50:405–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaseen, M., M. Arshad, and A. Rahim. 2005. Effect of soil-applied encapsulated calcium carbide on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 37:629–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, F. 1982. Regression models for repeated measurements. Biometrics 38:850–853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar