A simple chamber technique for the in situ labelling of pasture sward with carbon (¹⁴C)

References

• Clark , H. , Newton , P.C.D. , Bell , C.C. and Glassgow , E.M. 1995 . The influence of elevated CO2 and simulated seasonal changes in temperature on tissue turnover in perenial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) dominated pasture turves . J Appl. Ecol. , 32 (in press)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughtry , P.J. , Nancarrow , D.J. and Jackson D , D. 1986 . Extraction of 14C from biological samples by wet oxidation . Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 17 : 393 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlman , R.C. and Kucera , C.L. 1968 . Tagging native grassland vegetation with carbon‐14 . Ecology , 49 : 1199 – 1203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , B. 1993 . Rhizodeposition by 14C‐CO2‐pulse‐labelled spring barley grown in small field plots on sandy loam . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 25 : 1553 – 1559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , H. , Oades , J.M. and Martin , J.K. 1986 . Input of carbon to soil from wheat plants . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 18 : 445 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , J.K. and Kemp , J.R. 1986 . The measurement of C transfer within the rhizosphere of wheat grown in field plots . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 18 : 103 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrag , A.A. and Killham , K. 1989 . Distribution of assimilated carbon within the plant and rhizosphere of Lolium perenne: influence of temperature . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 21 : 487 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrag , A.A. and Killham , K. 1990a . The effect of soil pH on rhizosphere carbon flow of Lolium perenne . Plant and Soil , 123 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrag , A.A. and Killham , K. 1990b . Carbon distribution within plant and rhizosphere of Lolium perenne subjected to anaerobic conditions . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 22 : 63 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckx , R. , den Hartog , A. and Van Veen , J.A. 1985 . Turnover of root derived material and related microbial biomass information in soils of differing texture . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 17 : 565 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckx , R. , Dijkstra , A. , den Hartog , A. and Van Veen , J.A. 1987 . Production of root‐derived material and associated microbial growth in a soil at different nutrient levels . Biol. Fert. Soils , 5 : 126 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merckx , R. , Van Ginkel , J.H. , Sinnaeve , J. and Cremers , A. 1986 . Plant induced changes in the rhizosphere of maize and wheat. I. Production and turnover of root‐derived material in the rhizosphere of maize and wheat . Plant and Soil , 96 : 85 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryle , G.J.A. and Powell , C.E. 1976 . Effect of rate of photosynthesis on the pattern of assimilate distribution in the graminaceous plant . J. Exptal. Bot. , 27 : 189 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , P.C.D. , Clark , H. , Bell , C.C. , Glassgow , E.M. and Campbell , B.D. 1994 . Effects of elevated CO2 and simulated seasonal changes in temperature on the species composition and growth rate of pasture turves . Ann. Bot. , 73 : 53 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , P.C.D. , Clark , H. , Bell , C.C. , Glassgow , E.M. , Tate , K.R. , Ross , D.J. , Yeates , G.W. and Saggar , S. 1995 . Plant growth and soil processes in temperate grassland communities at elevated CO2 . Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. Letters , (submitted)
   Google Scholar
• Norton , J.M. , Smith , J.L. and Firestone , M.K. 1990 . Carbon flow in the rhizosphere of Ponderosa pine seedlings . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 22 : 449 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S. , Hedley , M.J. , Gillingham , A.G. , Rowarth , J.S. , Richardson , S. , Bolan , N.S. and Gregg , P.E.H. 1990a . Predicting the fate of fertilizer sulphur in grazed hill country pastures by modelling the transfer and accumulation of soil phosphorus . New Zealand J. Agric. Res. , 33 : 129 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saggar , S. , Mackay , A.D. , Hedley , M.J. , Lambert , M.G. and Clark , D.A. 1990b . A nutrient transfer model to explain the fate of phosphorus and sulphur in a grazed hill country pasture . Agric. Ecosystems Environ. , 30 : 295 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , G.P. , West , A.W. , Feltham , C.W. and Reynolds , J. 1990 . Estimation of soil microbial C by a fumigation‐extraction method: Use on soils of high organic matter content, and a reassessment of the kec‐factor . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 22 : 301 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparling , G.P. , Hart , P.B.S. , Feltham , C.W. , August , J.A. and Searle , P.L. 1991 . Simple methods to produce dual labelled (¹⁴C and ¹⁵N) ryegrass and to estimate ¹⁴C in soils, plants and microbial biomass , DSIR Land Resources Technical Record No. 77 Lower Hutt , , New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen , J. , Van Veen , J.A. and Merckx , R. 1994a . 14C pulse‐labelling of field grown spring wheat: an evaluation of its use in rhizosphere carbon budget estimations . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 26 : 161 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinnen , J. , Van Veen , J.A. and Merckx , R. 1994b . Rhizosphere carbon fluxes in field‐grown spring wheat: Model calculations based on 14C partitioning after pulse‐labelling . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 26 : 171 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , K.R. , Ross , D.J. and Feltham , C.W. 1988 . A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial C: Effects of experimental variables and some different calibration procedures . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 20 : 329 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , K.R. , Speir , T.W. , Ross , D.J. , Parfitt , R.L. , Whale , K.N. and Cowling , J.C. 1991 . Temporal variations in some plant and soil P pools in two pastoral soils of widely different P fertility status . Plant and Soil , 132 : 219 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance , E.D. , Brookes , P.C. and Jenkinson , D.S. 1987 . An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 19 : 703 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warembourg , F.R. and Paul , E.A. 1973 . The use of 14C‐CO2 canopy techniques for measuring carbon transfers through the plant‐soil system . Plant and Soil. , 38 : 331 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warembourg , F.R. and Paul , E.A. 1977 . Seasonal transfers of assimilated 14C in grassland: plant production and turnover, soil and plant respiration . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 9 : 295 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whipps , J.M. and Lynch , J.M. 1983 . Substrate flow and utilization in the rhizosphere of cereals . New Phytol. , 95 : 605 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , J.G. and Juma , N.G. 1993 . Above‐ and below‐ground transformation of photosynthetically fixed carbon by two barley (Hordeum vtilgare L.) cultivars in a typical cryoboroll . Soil Biol. Biochem. , 25 : 1263 – 1272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Present address: SpectraChem Analytical, P. O. Box 38–680, Wellington Mail Centre, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar