Decomposition of small diameter woody debris of red fir determined by nuclear magnetic resonance

References

• Baidock , J.A. and Preston , C.M. 1995 . “ Chemistry of carbon decomposition processes in forests as revealed by solid‐state 13C NMR ” . In Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils , Edited by: McFee , W.W. and Kelly , J.M. 89 – 117 . Madison , WI : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Blanchette , R.A. 1984 . Manganese accumulation in wood decayed by white rot fungi . Phytopathology , 74 : 725 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette , R.A. 1991 . Delignification by wood‐decay fungi . Annu. Rev. Phytopath. , 29 : 381 – 398 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnarme , P. and Jeffries , T.W. 1990 . Mn (II) regulation of lignin peroxidases and manganese‐dependent peroxidases from lignin‐degrading white rot fungi . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 210 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M.F. , Schroeder , H.R. and Maciel , G.E. 1994a . Solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wood decay. I. White‐rot decay of Colorado blue spruce . Holzforschung , 48 : 99 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M.F. , Schroeder , H.R. and Maciel , G.E. 1994b . Solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wood decay. II. White rot decay of paper birch . Holzforschung , 48 : 186 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M.F. , Schroeder , H.R. and Maciel , G.E. 1994c . Solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of wood decay. III. Decay of Colorado blue spruce and paper birch by Postia placenta . Holzforschung , 48 : 301 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deMontigny , L.E. , Preston , C.M. , Hatcher , P.G. and Kogel‐Knabner , I. 1993 . Comparison of humus horizons from two ecosystem phases on northern Vancouver Island using 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and CuO oxidation . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 73 : 9 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds , R.L. 1987 . Decomposition and nutrient dynamics in small‐diameter woody litter in four ecosystems in Washington, U.S.A. . Can. J. For. Res. , 17 : 499 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds , R.L. , Vogt , D.J. , Sandberg , D.H. and Driver , C.H. 1986 . Decomposition of Douglas‐fir and red alder wood in clear‐cuts . Can. J. For. Res. , 16 : 822 – 831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson , H.E. , Edmonds , R.L. and Peterson , C.E. 1985 . Decomposition of logging residues in Douglas‐fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir and Ponderosa pine ecosystems . Can. J. For. Res. , 15 : 914 – 921 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester , I.T. , Grabski , C.G. , Burgess , R.R. and Leatham , G.F. 1988 . Manganese, Mn‐dependent peroxidases, and their biodegradation of lignin . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 157 : 992 – 999 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , D.T. 1973 . Damage from wind and other sources in mixed white fir‐red fir stands adjacent to clearcuttings , USDA For. Serv. Pacific Southwest For. Range Exp. Stn. . Res. Paper PSW‐90
   Google Scholar
• Gressel , N. , McColl , J.G. , Powers , R.F. and McGrath , A.E. 1995 . Spectroscopy of aqueous extracts of forest litter. II. Effects of management practices . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 59 : 1723 – 1731 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huynh , V.‐B. and Crawford , R.L. 1985 . Novel extracellular enzymes (lignases) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium . FEMS Microbiol. Letters , 28 : 119 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk , T.K. and Farrell , R.L. 1987 . Enzymatic “combustion”: The microbial degradation of lignin . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 41 : 465 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodziejski , W. , Frye , J.S. and Maciel , G.E. 1982 . Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry with cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning for analysis of lodgepole pine wood . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 1419 – 1424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laacke , R.J. 1990 . “ Abies magnifica A. Murr., California red fir ” . In Silvics of North America. Vol. 1: Conifers. Agric , Handbook 654 Edited by: Burns , R.M. and Honkala , B.H. 71 – 79 . Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , R.L. , Lang , G.E. and Reiners , W.A. 1980 . Loss of mass and chemical change in decaying boles of a subalpine balsam fir forest . Ecology , 61 : 1460 – 1473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , M.J. , Jurgensen , M.F. and Harvey , A.E. 1981 . Athelia epiphulla associated with colonization of subalpine fir foliage under psychrophilic conditions . Mycologia , 72 : 1195 – 1202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi , M.P. and Cowling , E.B. 1969 . Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration. VII. Physiological adaptation of wood‐destroying and other fungi to substrates deficient in nitrogen . Phytopathology , 59 : 460 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , H.J. and Chandler , R.F. 1946 . Forest soils , New York , NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , R.L. 1989 . “ Applications of solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy to geochemical studies of humic substances ” . In Humic Substances II , Edited by: Hayes , M.H.B. , MacCarthy , P. , Malcolm , R.L. and Swift , R.S. 339 – 372 . New York , NY : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• McColl , J.G. and Gressel , N. 1995 . “ Forest soil organic matter: Characterization and modern methods of analysis ” . In Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils , Edited by: McFee , W.W. and Kelly , J.M. 13 – 32 . Madison , WI : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Means , J.E. , MacMillan , P.C. and Cromack , K. Jr. 1992 . Biomass and nutrient content of Douglas‐fir logs and other detrital pools in an old‐growth forest, Oregon, U.S.A . Can. J. For. Res. , 22 : 1536 – 1546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrill , W. and Cowling , E.B. 1966 . Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration. IV. Relationship of natural variation in nitrogen content of wood to its susceptibility to decay . Phytopathology , 56 : 1324 – 1325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paszczynski , A. , Huynh , V.‐B. and Crawford , R. 1985 . Enzymatic activities of an extracellular, manganese‐dependent peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium . FEMS Microbiol. Letters , 29 : 37 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , R.F. 1990 . Nitrogen mineralization along an altitudinal gradient: Interactions of soil temperature, moisture, and substrate quality . For. Ecol. Mgt. , 30 : 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers , R.F. 1992 . “ Fertilization response of subalpine Abies forests in California ” . In Forest Fertilization: Sustaining and Improving Nutrition and Growth of Western Forests , Inst. For. Resources Contrib. 73 Edited by: Chappell , H.N. , Weetman , G.F. and Miller , R.E. 114 – 126 . Seattle , WA : University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , R.F. and Edmonds , R.L. 1992 . “ Nutrient management of subalpine Abies forests ” . In Forest Fertilization: Sustaining and Improving Nutrition and Growth of Western Forests , Inst. For. Resources Contrib. 73 Edited by: Chappell , H.N. , Weetman , G.F. and Miller , R.E. 28 – 42 . Seattle , WA : University of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Preston , C.M. , Sollins , P. and Sayer , B. 1990 . Changes in organic components for fallen logs in old‐growth Douglas‐fir forests monitored by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Can. J. For. Res. , 20 : 1382 – 1391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollins , P. , Cline , S.P. , Verhoeven , T. , Sachs , D. and Spycher , G. 1987 . Patterns of log decay in old‐growth Douglas‐fir forests . Can. J. For. Res. , 17 : 1585 – 1595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M.A. 1987 . NMR Techniques and Applications in Geochemistry and Soil Chemistry , New York , NY : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Worrall , J.J. , Anagnost , S.E. and Zabel , R.A. 1997 . Comparison of wood decay among diverse lignicolous fungi . Mycologia , 89 : 199 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihara , K. , Kamijima , H. and Akamatsu , I. 1987 . Effect of urea on lignin degradation by Coriolus hirstus . Makuzai Gakkaishi , 33 : 61 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel , R.A. and Morrell , J.J. 1992 . Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention , New York , NY : Academic Press, Inc. .
   Google Scholar