Outward Foreign Direct Investments as a Catalyst of Urban-Regional Income Development? Evidence from the United States

References

• Aitken, B. J., and Harrison, A. E. 1999. Do domestic firms benefit from direct foreign investment? Evidence from Venezuela. American Economic Review 89 (3): 605–18. doi:10.1257/aer.89.3.605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcácer, J., and Chung, W. 2007. Location strategies and knowledge spillovers. Management Science 53 (5): 760–76. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, P. 1996. Multinationals: Patent citation analysis. Strategic Management Journal 17 (Winter Special Issue): 155–65. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambos, T. C., Ambos, B., and Schlegelmilch, B. B. 2006. Learning from foreign subsidiaries: An empirical investigation of headquarters’ benefits from reverse knowledge transfers. International Business Review 15 (3): 294–312. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arellano, M., and Bover, O. 1995. Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics 68 (1): 29–51. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascani, A., and Iammarino, S. 2017. Multinational enterprises, service outsourcing and regional structural change. Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 1724. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, F., Görg, H., and McDowell, A. 2003. Outward FDI and the investment development path of a late-industrializing economy: Evidence from Ireland. Regional Studies 37 (4): 341–49. doi:10.1080/0034340032000074389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt, H., and Cohendet, P. 2014. The creation of knowledge: Local building, global accessing and economic development—Toward an agenda. Journal of Economic Geography 14 (5): 869–82. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbu027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt, H., and Li, P. 2019. Processes of building cross-border knowledge pipelines [Mimeo]. Toronto: University of Toronto, Department of Political Science. This paper is currently under review and is available as a pdf from the authors.
   Google Scholar
• Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., and Maskell, P. 2004. Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography 28 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oa.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaverstock, J. V., Taylor, P. J., and Smith, R. G. 1999. A roster of world cities. Cities 16 (6): 445–58. doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(99)00042-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., and Sjöholm, F. 2003. Foreign owners and plant survival. Working Paper 10039. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w10039.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Beugelsdijk, S., and Mudambi, R. 2014. MNEs as border-crossing multi-location enterprises: The role of discontinuities in geographic space. Journal of International Business Studies 44 (5): 413–26. doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkinshaw, J. 2000. Upgrading of industry clusters and foreign investment. International Studies of Management and Organization 30 (2): 93–113. doi:10.1080/00208825.2000.11656789.
   Google Scholar
• Birkinshaw, J., and Hood, N. 2000. Characteristics of foreign subsidiaries in industry clusters. Journal of International Business Studies 31 (1): 141–54. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomström, M., Fors, G., and Lipsey, R. E. 1997. Foreign direct investment and employment: Home country experience in the United States and Sweden. Economic Journal 107 (445): 1787–97. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.1997.tb00082.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomström, M., and Kokko, A. 1998. Multinational corporations and spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys 12 (3): 247–77. doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00056.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2003. The economics of foreign direct investment incentives. Working Paper 9489. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9489.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blundell, R., and Bond, S. 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics 87 (1): 115–43. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borga, M. 2005. Trends in employment at U.S. multinational companies: Evidence from firm-level data. In Brookings trade forum, offshoring white-collar work, ed. S. M. Collins and L. Brainard, 135–63. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brainard, S. L., and Riker, D. A. 1997. Are U.S. multinationals exporting U.S. jobs? Working Paper 5958. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w5958.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Braunerhjelm, P., and Svensson, R. 1996. Host country characteristics and agglomeration in foreign direct investment. Applied Economics 28 (7): 833–40. doi:10.1080/000368496328272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano-Kollmann, M., Cantwell, J., Hannigan, T. J., Mudambi, R., and Song, J. 2016. Knowledge connectivity: An agenda for innovation research in international business. Journal of International Business Studies 47 (3): 255–62. doi:10.1057/jibs.2016.8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell, J., and Mudambi, R. 2005. MNE competence-creating subsidiary mandates. Strategic Management Journal 26 (12): 1109–28. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell, J. A. 1994. The relationship between international trade and international production. In Surveys in international trade, ed. D. Greenaway and L. A. Winters, 303–28. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Castellani, D., Mariotti, I., and Piscitello, L. 2008. The impact of outward investments on parent company’s employment and skill composition: Evidence from the Italian case. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 19 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2007.11.006.
   Google Scholar
• Crescenzi, R., Gagliardi, L., and Iammarino, S. 2015. Foreign multinationals and domestic innovation: Intraindustry effects and firm heterogeneity. Research Policy 44 (3): 596–609. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crescenzi, R., and Iammarino, S. 2017. Global investments and regional development trajectories: The missing links. Regional Studies 51 (1): 97–115. doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1262016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criscuolo, P. 2009. Inter-firm reverse technology transfer: The home country effect of R&D internationalization. Industrial and Corporate Change 18 (5): 869–99. doi:10.1093/icc/dtp028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debaere, P., Lee, H., and Lee, J. 2010. It matters where you go: Outward foreign direct investment and multinational employment growth at home. Journal of Development Economics 91 (2): 301–09. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F., and Hines, J. R. 2009. Domestic effects of the foreign activities of U.S. multinationals. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1 (1): 181–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driffield, N. 2006. On the search for spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) with spatial dependency. Regional Studies 40 (1): 107–19. doi:10.1080/00343400500450091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, J. H. 1981. Explaining the international direct investment position of countries: Towards a dynamic or developmental approach. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 117 (1): 30–64. doi:10.1007/BF02696577.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1988. The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies 19 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, J. H., and Lundan, S. M. 2008. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Duranton, G., and Puga, D. 2004. Micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. In Handbook of regional and urban economics, vol. 4, ed. J. V. Henderson and J. F. Thisse, 2063–117. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Elia, S., Mariotti, I., and Piscitello, L. 2009. The impact of outward FDI on the home country’s labour demand and skill composition. International Business Review 18 (4): 357–72. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essletzbichler, J., Disslbacher, F., and Moser, M. 2018. The victims of neoliberal globalisation and the rise of the populist vote: A comparative analysis of three recent electoral decisions. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1): 73–94. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsx025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• fDi Markets. 2017. fDi markets data set, 2003–2013 [Customized Data set]. https://www.fdimarkets.com.
   Google Scholar
• Gassmann, O., and Gaso, B. 2004. Insourcing creativity with listening posts in decentralized firms. Creativity and Innovation Management 13 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1111/caim.2004.13.issue-1.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. K., and Harris, R. I. D. 1996. Trade liberalisation and plant exit in New Zealand manufacturing. Review of Economics and Statistics 78 (3): 521–29. doi:10.2307/2109799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globerman, S., Kokko, A., and Sjoholm, F. 2000. International technology diffusion: Evidence from Swedish patent data. Kyklos 53 (1): 17–38. doi:10.1111/kykl.2000.53.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glückler, J. 2006. A relational assessment of international market entry in management consulting. Journal of Economic Geography 6 (3): 369–93. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbi016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goerzen, A., Asmussen, C. G., and Nielsen, B. B. 2013. Global cities and multinational enterprise location strategy. Journal of International Business Studies 44 (5): 427–50. doi:10.1057/jibs.2013.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görg, H., and Strobl, E. 2003. “Footloose” multinationals? Manchester School 71 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1111/1467-9957.00331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, E. M. 1996. The United States: Some musings on its investment development path. In Foreign direct investment and governments: Catalysts for economic restructuring, ed. J. H. Dunning and R. Narula, 76–98. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith, R., Harrison, R., and van Reenen, J. 2006. How special is the special relationship? Using the impact of U.S. R&D spillovers on U.K. firms as a test of technology sourcing. American Economic Review 96 (5): 1859–75. doi:10.1257/aer.96.5.1859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A. K., and Govindarajan, V. 1991. Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management Review 16 (4): 768–92. doi:10.5465/amr.1991.4279628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, A. E., and Mcmillan, M. S. 2006. Outsourcing jobs? Multinationals and US employment. Working Paper 12372. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w12372.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, J., and Vahlne, J.-E. 1977. The internationalization process of the firm—A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies 8 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. 2009. The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies 40 (9): 1411–31. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J., and Wren, C. 2004. Inward foreign direct investment and employment: A project-based analysis in north-east England. Journal of Economic Geography 4 (5): 517–43. doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut, B., and Chang, S. J. 1991. Technological capabilities and Japanese foreign direct investment in the United States. Review of Economics and Statistics 73 (3): 401–13. doi:10.2307/2109564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P., and Bathelt, H. 2018. Location strategy in cluster networks. Journal of International Business Studies 49 (8): 967–89. doi:10.1057/s41267-017-0088-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, S., Kim, D., and Wu, Y. 2013. Foreign direct investment and income inequality: Human capital matters. Journal of Regional Science 53 (5): 874–96. doi:10.1111/jors.2013.53.issue-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, R. E. 1994. Outward direct investment and the U.S. economy. Working Paper 4691. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w4691.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2002. Home and host country effects of FDI. Working Paper 9293. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Econoic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9293.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mankiw, N. G., and Swagel, P. 2006. The politics and economics of offshore outsourcing. Working Paper 12398. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w12398.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield, E., and Romeo, A. 1984. “Reverse” transfers of technology from overseas subsidiaries to American firms. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management EM-31 (3): 122–27. doi:10.1109/TEM.1984.6447520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell, P. 2014. Accessing remote knowledge—The roles of trade fairs, pipelines, crowdsourcing and listening posts. Journal of Economic Geography 14 (5): 883–902. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbu002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menghinello, S., De Propris, L., and Driffield, N. 2010. Industrial districts, inward foreign investment and regional development. Journal of Economic Geography 10 (4): 539–58. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbq012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti, E. 2004. Estimating the social return to higher education: Evidence from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data. Journal of Econometrics 121 (1–2): 175–212. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. 2010. Local multipliers. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 100 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocke, V., and Yeaple, S. 2007. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions vs. greenfield foreign direct investment: The role of firm heterogeneity. Journal of International Economics 7 (22): 336–65. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnreiter, C. 2018. America first! Donald Trump, the demise of the U.S. hegemony and chaos in the capitalist world-system. Zeitschrift Für Wirtschaftsgeographie 62 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1515/zfw-2017-0024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, J., Moore, B., and Spires, R. 2002. The wider effects of inward foreign direct investment in manufacturing on UK industry. Journal of Economic Geography 2 (3): 279–310. doi:10.1093/jeg/2.3.279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Pose, A. 2018. The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1): 189–209. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsx024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. S., and Strange, W. C. 2004. Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies. In Handbook of regional and urban economics, vol. 4, ed. J. V. Henderson and J. F. Thisse, 2119–71. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Shaver, J. M., and Flyer, F. 2000. Agglomeration economies, firm heterogeneity, and foreign direct investment in the United States. Strategic Management Journal 21 (12): 1175–93. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. 2007. Asymmetry of knowledge spillovers between MNCs and host country firms. Journal of International Business Studies 38 (5): 764–86. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer, J. 2018. Electoral systems, regional resentment and the surprising success of Anglo-American populism. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 11 (1): 114–41. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsx029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storper, M. 2018. Separate worlds? Explaining the current wave of regional economic polarization. Journal of Economic Geography 18 (2): 247–70. doi:10.1093/jeg/lby011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storper, M., and Walker, R. 1989. The capitalist imperative: Territory, technology and industrial growth. New York: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages—QCEW. 2018. QCEW Data Files, 2004–2014 [Data set]. https://www.bls.gov/cew/datatoc.htm.
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau, American FactFinder. 2018. American Community Survey—AMS, 2005–2013 [Data set]. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.
   Google Scholar
• van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B., and Lichtenberg, F. 2001. Does foreign direct investment transfer technology across borders? Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (3): 490–97. doi:10.1162/00346530152480135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. G., Plane, D. A., Mackun, P. J., Fischetti, T. R., and Goworowska, J. (with Cohen, D. T., Perry, M. J., and Hatchard, G. W.). 2012. Patterns of metropolitan and micropolitan population change: 2000 to 2010. 2010 Census Special Reports. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2012/dec/c2010sr-01.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, M. A., and Lewin, A. Y. 2007. Outward foreign direct investment as escape response to home country institutional constraints. Journal of International Business Studies 38 (4): 579–94. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Mudambi, R., and Meyer, K. E. 2008. Conventional and reverse knowledge flows in multinational corporations. Journal of Management 34 (5): 882–902. doi:10.1177/0149206308321546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaheer, S. 1995. Overcoming the liability of foreignness. Academy of Management Journal 38 (2): 341–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar