Notes
- This article is adapted from Allan C. Ornstein , Race and Politics in School/Community Organizations ( Pacific Palisades , Ca. : Goodyear Publishing Company, Inc. , 1974 ).
- Nathan Glazer , “A Breakdown in Civil Rights Enforcement?,” Public Interest , Spring 1971 , pp. 106 – 115 .
- U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , Federal Civil Rights Enforcement Effort ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1970 ).
- Paul Seabury , “HEW and the Universities,” Commentary , February 1972 , pp. 33 – 44 .
- Elliot Abrams , “The Quota Commission,” Commentary , October 1972 , pp. 54 – 57 .
- Daniel Seligman , “How ‘Equal Opportunity’ Turned Into Employment Quotas,” Fortune , March 1973 , pp. 160 – 68 .
- Paul Kurtz , “The Principle of Equality and Some Dogmas of Environmentalism,” Humanist , March-April 1972 , pp. 4 – 6 .
- Jerome E. Doppelt and George K. Bennett , “Testing Job Applicants from Disadvantaged Groups,” Test Service Bulletin , no. 57 ( New York : The Psychological Corporation , 1967 ).
- Ibid. , p. 2 .
- Ibid. , p. 5 .
- Abrams , “Quota Commission. ”
- Ibid. , p. 56 .
- Seligman , “Employment Quotas. ”
- Ibid.
- Chicago Daily News , September 18, 1973 ; New York Times, September 23, 1973.
- Chicago Tribune , September 20, 1973 .
- New York Times , September 23, 1973 .
- Seabury , “HEW and Universities,” p. 33 .
- New York Times , May 7, 1972 , p. 12 .
- Almost all colleges and universities have an affirmative action plan. These institutions are mentioned only because I managed to obtain xeroxed copies of such letters.
- This person was unable to find a job at a university. In the meantime, the Chicago Sun-Times ( September 4, 1973 ) points out that a black male who has not yet completed his dissertation for sociology has already received job offers from ten different universities with salaries ranging up to $20,000. This is comparable to what the average full professor (after several years of university experience) makes at the average institution of higher learning.
- Congressional Record , May 22, 1973 .
- Chicago Today , March 8, 1972 .
- Seabury , “HEW and Universities. ”
- Ibid. , p. 43 .
- New York Times , January 6, 1972 .
- New York Times , March 3, 1972 .
- Malcolm Sherman , “Letter to the Editor,” Commentary , June 1972 , pp. 30 – 32 .
- Stuart H. Gould and Pierre L. Van Den Berghe , “Particularism in Sociology Departments' Hiring Practices,” Race , July 1973 , pp. 106 – 111 .
- Similarly, this author placed an ad in the December 3, 1973 , Chronicle of Higher Education , of a fictitious thirty-five year-old black associate professor of curriculum seeking a “challenging new position. ” Via the Chronicle's box number service, the author received twelve letters urging the black candidate to apply for jobs ranging from preparing teachers of chemistry and physics for the inner-city schools at Brown University to dean of Community Relations at the University of Louisville. When the author (thirty-three years old and white) sent a letter of inquiry about two weeks later to the appropriate dean or director of each of the twelve institutions asking if there was an opening in his field (also curriculum), the result was: two nonresponses, six “no opening” responses, two “we have not yet determined staff needs for the coming year” responses, one “there isn't anything we feel would be appropriate for the particular background and training you would bring us,” and one “you have an impressive resume and we will place it among our active files.”
- The Chicago Tribune ( December 2, 1973 ) reports similar disputes between blacks and white women in business and industry. Racial minorities blame the women's movement for taking away their jobs, and white women are claiming that they lose out in the job market “because the hiring of minorities makes companies look good.” Both sides claim the other group is benefiting more from affirmative reform.
- Carnegie Commission on Higher Education , Anti-bias Regulations of Universities: Faculty Problems and Their Solutions ( New York : McGraw-Hill , 1974 ).
- New York Times , March 4, 1973 , p. 43 .
- Earl Rabb , “Quotas by Another Name,” Commentary , January 1972 , p. 43 .
- Seligman , “Employment Quotas,” p. 168 .
- Paul Seabury , “The Idea of Merit,” Commentary , December 1972 , pp. 41 – 46 .
- Martin Kilson , “The Black Experience at Harvard,” New York Times Magazine , September 2, 1973 , pp. 13 , 31 ff.
- Martin Kilson , “Review of 'Education of Black Folk ',” Change , November 1973 , pp. 58 – 60 .
- Thomas Sowell , Black Education: Myths and Tragedies ( New York : McKay , 1973 ).
- Jack Shepard , “Black Lab Power,” Saturday Review , August 5, 1972 , pp. 32 – 35 ff. Shephard indicates that in 1971, 79 out of 101 medical schools reported that admission requirements were being lowered to admit additional racial minorities; more women were also admitted into medical schools. Yet I would conjecture that the requirements for white women were similar to those for white males.
- Committe on Academic Nondiscrimination and Integrity, Statement for Immediate Release , June 9, 1972 . The committee cites a recent study by the Association of American Law Schools, reporting that all but two of fifty law schools surveyed indicate preferential treatment toward racial minorities. As an example of a medical school's effort to reach this new “goal,” the Village Voice (August 31, 1972) indicates that the University of Illinois Medical School has reserved 60 out of 300 places in its incoming class for minorities. A similar example of a law school is Stanford University, which virtually guaranteed admission in 1972 to any minority student whose grade-point average was not below that of the lowest-scoring Anglo in the 1971 class and whose Law School Admission Test score was within fifty points of the weakest student in the previous entering class. By the time this article is published, these statistics will be outdated and we can expect quotas on a nationwide basis to have snowballed and to be apparent even to many college students attempting to gain admission to professional schools even though they may not be aware of the term “affirmative action” and what it affirms.
- Seabury , “Idea of Merit,” p. 45 .
- Martin Mayer , “Higher Education for All?,” Commentary , February 1973 , pp. 37 – 47 .
- Diane Ravitch , “The Limits of Schooling , Commentary , February 1973 , p. 88 .
- Ibid. , p. 90 .
- Committe on Academic Nondiscrimination and Integrity , Statement.
- Walter Goodman , “The Return of a Quota System,” New York Times Magazine , September 10, 1972 , pp. 29 , 103–108.
- U.S. Riot Commission , Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1968 ).
- A new federal regulation now requires that all federal, state, and city employees be coded by ethnic and racial origin for purposes of “research” and for “affecting decisions concerning … recruitment, assignment, and promotion.” The EEOC admits that its definition of “White,” “Black,” “Spanish surnamed,” “Asian American,' “American Indian,” and “Other” are inconsistant with anthropological data, but it contends that their definitions and coded classifications are “now … necessary and appropriate.” The Third Reich (and more recently South Africa) also claimed that it was compelled to implement governmental classifications of people according to its own definition of racial and ethnic origin.
- The author will provide the names of these persons upon request.
- James Buckley , Statement in Congressional Record , May 22, 1973 , pp. 1 – 5 .
- Seabury , “HEW and Universities. ”
- New York Times , September 23, 1973 .
- Buckley , Congressional Record.
- Charles Frankel , “The New Egalitarianism and The Old,” Commentary , September 1973 , pp. 54 – 61 .