Notes
- Rollo May , Power and Innocence: A Search for the Sources of Violence ( New York : W. W. Norton and Company , 1972 ), pp. 19 – 20 .
- Ibid. , p. 37 .
- Ibid. , p. 41 .
- B. R. McCandless , Children: Behavior and Development , 2nd ed. , ( New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston , 1967 ), p. 8 .
- Ibid.
- In this article, the term Anglo American, or Anglo, will be used to refer to white persons in the U.S.A. who are not Mexican Americans or members of other groups of Spanish surnamed peoples (see U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , The Excluded Student: Report III, Educational Practices Affecting Mexican Americans in the Southwest ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , May 1972 ). The examples given in this article come from my own learnings in work with children and adults. I have chosen not to add examples that are not based on experience, since such examples can too easily involve a critical distortion of culturally-derived meanings and an oversimplification of the complexity of cultural diversity. Although the specific examples focus on Anglo and Chicano children, the basic ideas about empowering children through bilingual/bicultural education have relevance for any child. Each reader may consider how the basic ideas might be applied in his or her own work in ways that best relate to the cultural meanings and perspectives of the particular persons involved.
- H. H. Iltis , “Man's Forgotten Necessity … Eco-variety,” Field and Stream 75 ( June 1970 ): 44 – 48 , 62; and H. H. Iltis, “The Extinction of Species and the Destruction of Ecosystems,” American Biology Teacher 34 (April 1972):201–206.
- J. Aragon and S. Ulibarri , “Learn, Amigo, Learn,” Personnel and Guidance Journal 50 ( October 1971 ): 87 – 89 .
- The term Mexican American refers to “persons who were born in Mexico and now reside in the United States or whose parents or more remote ancestors immigrated to the United States from Mexico. It also refers to persons who trace their lineage to Hispanic or Indo-Hispanic forebears who resided within Spanish or Mexican territory that is now part of the Southwestern United States.” U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , The Excluded Student: Report III, Educational Practices Affecting Mexican Americans in the Southwest ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , May 1972 ), p. 5 . In this article, the terms “Chicano” and “Mexican American” are used interchangeably.
- W. Lambert , “A Social Psychology of Bilingualism,” Journal of Social Issues 23 ( 1967 ): 91 – 110 .
- Anonymous, “From Egypt to America: A Multilingual's Story,” in Bilingual Schooling in the United States , ed. T. Anderson and M. Boyer , vol. 2 ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1970 ), pp. 97 – 105 .
- California State Department of Education, Mexican-American Education Research Project: In Cooperation with KTEH/ Channel 54, Santa Clara County Office of Education, University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California. Unconscious Cultural Clashes: TV Study Guide , 1971 . Look Me in the Eye, Program 4, Section a , pp. 17 – 18 .
- Diana M. Drake , “Anglo American Teachers, Mexican American Students, and Dissonance in Our Schools,” Elementary School Journal 73 ( January 1973 ): 207 – 13 .
- T. P. Carter , “Way Beyond Bilingual Education,” in Mañana Is Now! ( Albuquerque : Southwestern Cooperative Educational Laboratory , 1970 ).
- A. B. Gaarder , “Organization of the Bilingual School,” Journal of Social Issues 23 ( April 1967 ): 11 – 21 .
- R. Guzman , “Ethics in Federally Subsidized Research—The Case of the Mexican American,” in The Mexican American: A New Focus on Opportunity ( Washington , D.C : Inter-Agency Committee on Mexican American Affairs , 1968 ), pp. 245 – 49 .