Teaching About Cooperation and Competition

Notes

• John Dewey , Democracy and Education ( New York : Macmillan Company , 1916 ), p. 416 .
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• See, for example, Samuel A. Livingston and Clarice Stasz Stoll , Simulation Games ( New York : Free Press , 1973 ).
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• For a discussion of possible evaluative instruments, see David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson , “Instructional Goal Structures: Cooperative, Competitive or Individualistic,” Review of Educational Research 44 (Spring 1974 ): 213 – 40 . These authors, in contrast to the instant paper, view cooperation and competition as inconsistent goals.
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• John Bakeless , ed., The Journals of Lewis and Clark ( New York : Mentor , 1964 ), p. 158 .
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• See, for example, Philip A. Cusick , Inside High School ( New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1973 ); and James S. Coleman, The Adolescent Society (New York: Free Press, 1961).
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• For a more extended discussion of the appropriate balance between school and out-of school learning, see Edward Wynne , “Socialization to Adulthood: Different Concepts, Different Policies,” Interchange. Vol. 5 , No. 1 , pp. 61 – 74 and Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 73–78.
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• For some focused discussion on reorganizing out-of-school learning environments see James S. Coleman et al., Youth: Transition to Adulthood ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1974 ), and Wynne, “Socialization.”
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• For several studies presenting important data about trends in student attitudes (and hence, trends relating to skills in cooperation-competition), see Douglas Heath , “Student Alienation and School,” School Review 78 ( August 1970 ): 515 – 28 ; Mervin B. Freedman and Paul Kanzer, “Psychology of a Strike,” in Student Dissent Activism and Protest. ed. Edward Sampson and Harold A. Korn (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1970), pp. 153, 155; Dean R. Hogue, “College Student Values, “Sociology of Education 44 (Spring 1970): 170–97, and some of the data discussed in Wynne, “Socialization.”
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• See, for example, Urie Bronfenbrenner , Two Worlds of Childhood ( New York : Russell Sage Foundation , 1970 ); Frank Newman et al., Report on Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971); and Wynne, “Socialization.”
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• See Coleman et al., Youth.
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