Notes
- An earlier draft of this article was presented in February 1975 at the international symposium, “Minorities and the Metropolis,” sponsored by the Konrad Audenauer Foundation, Bonn, West Germany. The views expressed here are those of the author, and no official support or endorsement by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is intended or should be inferred.
- Michael B. Katz , Class, Bureaucracy, and Schools ( New York : Praeger , 1971 ); and Ray C. Rist, “Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: The Self-fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto Education,” Harvard Educational Review 40 (August 1970) and The Urban School: A Factory for Failure (Cambridge, Ma.: The M.I.T. Press, 1973).
- David K. Cohen , “Segregation, Desegregation, and Brown,” Trans/Society 12 ( November/December 1974 ).
- Cf. James W. Guthrie et al., Schools and Inequality ( Cambridge , Ma. : The M.I.T. Press , 1971 ).
- Cf. James S. Coleman , “The Concept of Equality of Educational Opportunity,” Harvard Educational Review 38 ( Winter 1968 ) and “Equality of Opportunity and Equality of Results,” Harvard Educational Review 43 (Winter 1973); and Christopher Jencks, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
- L. C. Comer and John P. Keeves , Science Education in Nineteen Countries ( New York : John Wiley , 1973 ).
- Robert L. Thorndike , Reading Comprehension Education in Fifteen Countries ( New York : John Wiley , 1973 ).
- James S. Coleman , “Inequality, Sociology, and Moral Philosophy,” American Journal of Sociology 80 ( November 1974 ): 750 .
- John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( Cambridge , Ma. : Harvard University Press , 1971 ).
- It is in this context that the large number of court cases dealing with school finance regulations become so very important. The outcome, should there be the emergence of judicial opinion that state finance systems for schools are inherently unequal when based on local property evaluation, could put the financial question at the very center of the debate over the parameters of what constitutes equal educational opportunity.
- James S. Coleman et al., Equality of Educational Opportunity ( Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1966 ).
- Jencks , Inequality.
- Charles Hamilton , “The Nationalist vs. the Integrationist,” The New York Times Magazine. October 1, 1972 .
- Cf. Mario Fantini , Marilyn Gittell , and Richard Magat , Community Control and the Urban School ( New York : Praeger , 1970 ).
- Milliken v. Bradley. S.CT. 73–434.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Thomas F. Pettigrew , “A Sociological View of the Post Milliken Era” ( Paper delivered at the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights in Hearings , Washington , D.C. , 1974 ).
- A. I. Hermalin and R. Farley , “The Potential for Residential Integration in Cities and Suburbs: Implications for the Busing Controversy,” American Sociological Review 38 1974 ); R. Farley and A. Taeuber, “Racial Segregation in the Public Schools,” American Journal of Sociology 79 (1974); and Thomas F. Pettigrew, ed., 1 Racial Discrimination in the United States (New York: Harper and Row, 1975).
- Katz , Class.
- Milton Gordon , Assimilation in American Life ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1964 ).
- William M. Newman , American Pluralism: A Study of Minority Groups and Social Theory ( New York : Harper and Row , 1973 ).
- Charles A. Valentine , “Deficit, Difference, and Bicultural Models of Afro-American Behavior,” Harvard Educational Review 41 ( May 1971 ).