White Flight Research

Notes

• James Coleman et al., Equality of Educational Opportunity ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1966 ).
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• Extraordinary public attention was focused on an article critical of busing written by Professor David J. Armor , “The Evidence on Busing,” Public Interest , Summer 1972 , pp. 90 – 126 . The article did not reflect prevailing social science opinion (see Nancy St. John, School Desegregation Outcomes for Children (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1975).
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• John Tepper Marlin , “City Housing,” Municipal Performance Report. November 1973 , p. 17 , citing data developed by Karl Taeuber and associates at the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin.
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• Ibid. , reporting data from Kurt Bayer , “A Social Indicator of the Cost of Being Black,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland , 1971 ).
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• Statement at “Symposium on White Flight and School Desegregation,” August 15, 1975 .
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• New York Times. October 17. 1973 .
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• Detroit Budget Department, City of Detroit, Five Year Financial Forecast , 1975–1980 ; Leonard Downie, Jr., Mortgage on America (New York: Praeger, 1974), p. 44.
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• Chris Ganley , ed., Catholic Schools in America ( Denver : Curriculum Information Center , 1975 ), p. iv .
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• Metro Poll data reported in Integrated Education. January-February 1976 , p. 9 .
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• Data from Census Bureau and Washington Center for Metropolitan Studies reported in Washington Post, May 18, 1975, and Washington Star, May 18, 1975 .
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• HEW Data Management Center. “SMSA's Student/Teacher Data by Ethnicity,” October 1973 , p. 39 .
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• District of Columbia Public Schools, Division of Research and Evaluation , Data Resource Book , 1974–75 .
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• District of Columbia Public Schools , “Pupil Membership in Regular Day Schools on October 17, 1974, Compared with October 18, 1973,” November 1975 , p. 1 .
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• HEW Office for Civil Rights, Directory of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools in Selected Districts. Enrollment and Staff by Racial/Ethnic Group. Fall 1972 . p. 115 ; current district statistics from OCR files and earlier statistics from Los Angeles Board of Education Appeal Brief in Crawford v. Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles, p. 21.
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• Office for Civil Rights , Directory , p. 154 and 1974 statistics from school district reports.
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• San Francisco Chronicle , June 13, 1974 , reports that the Korean population grew more than 100 percent and Filipino residents more than 50 percent 1970–1973.
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• Paper by Reynolds Farley, in this symposium; Christine H. Rossell, “The Political and Social Impact of School Desegregation Policy: A Preliminary Report” (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1975); Charles T. Clotfelter, “School Desegregation, ‘Tipping,’ and Private School Enrollment,” 1974 finds a very small effect in predominantly white school systems. Professor Rossell's analysis, unlike Coleman's, actually measured the effects of desegregation plans. Her conclusion from an elaborate analysis of eighty-six northern school districts was as follows: “School desegregation has little or no effect on white flight, as measured by change in percentage white enrolled in public schools. Even in the two high desegregating school districts that had significant white flight, it is minimal … and temporary. White flight stabilizes to a rate lower than the pre-desegregation period by the third year after desegregation in the only two districts that showed any significant change. Desegregating under court order does not increase white flight, nor does massive desegregation in large school districts.”
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• James S. Coleman , Sara D. Kelly , and John Moore , “Trends in School Segregation, 1968–73,” Urban Institute Working Paper , July 1975 , p. 53 . Coleman suggests that extrapolation from his data indicates a far more dramatic initial loss in desegregation of a system like Detroit, with nearly three-fourths black pupils. Since no such city-wide plans have been implemented, this conclusion is untested.
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• Ibid. , p. 59 .
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• Leroy F. Aarons , “Compton, Calif., Looks Uneasily Over Its Shoulder at Watts,” Washington Post , August 8, 1975 .
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• Edna Bonacich and Robert F. Goodman , Deadlock in School Desegregation ( New York : Praeger Special Studies , 1972 ), pp. 3 – 4 , 26, 95–97.
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• Ibid. , p. 86 .
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• Office for Civil Rights , Directory , p. 783 .
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• Regional Plan Association , “The State of the Region: A Digest of Selected Trends Through 1974,” Regional Plan News , March 1975 , pp. 26 – 27 .
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• The impact of these expectations on housing prices is discussed in Charles T. Clotfelter , “The Effect of School Desegregation on Housing Prices,” 1974 .
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• Conrad Weiler , Philadelphia: Neighborhood, Authority, and The Urban Crisis ( New York : Praeger Special Studies , 1974 ).
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• Gary Orfield , “Federal Policy, Local Power, and Metropolitan Segregation,” Political Science Quarterly 99 ( Winter 1974–75 ): 784 – 90 .
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• U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , Home Ownership for Lower Income Families: A Report on the Racial and Ethnic Impact of the Section 235 Program , 1971 .
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• Brian D. Boyer , Cities Destroyed for Cash: The FHA Scandal at HUD ( Chicago : Follett , 1973 ), pp. 171 – 72 .
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