Bilingual Education and State Legislatures

Notes

• A new name which refers to students with cultural and language backgrounds distinct from the general Anglo experiences. See Joseph M. Montoya , “Bilingual-Bicultural Education: Making Equal Educational Opportunity Available to National Origin-Minority Students,” Georgetown Law Journal 61 ( March 1973 ): 991 – 1007 .
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• Henry S. Johnson and William J. Hernandez , eds., Educating the Mexican-American ( Valley Forge , Pa. : Judson Press , 1970 ), Joshua A. Fishman, Language and Loyalty in the United States (London: Mouton & Co., 1966); and Frederick Williams, ed., Language and Poverty (Chicago: Markham Publishing Co.. 1970).
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• Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; and the Bilingual Education Act of 1968.
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• See for example Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§15–202, 15, 1097 to 1099 (Cum. Supp. 1972 ); Cal. Educ. Code §§71, 6457 (West 1969); id. §§5766, 13273.5 (West Supp. 1972); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ck. 71A (Cum. Supp. 1972).
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• A Bruce Gaarder , “Teaching the Bilingual Child: Research, Development and Policy,” in Educating the Mexican-American , ed. Henry S. Johnson and William J. Hernandez ( Valley Forge , Pa. : Judson Press , 1970 ), 257 – 71 .
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• Can be found in C.C.H., U.S. Supreme Court Bulletin. B1054–1062.
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• Civil Action No. C-70 627 LHB.
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• Article IX, Section 5.
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• §§105, 1054, 5011, 5012, 5015, 5652, and 12101.
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• Article I, Sections 11 and 21 and Article IV, Section 25.
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• §§6457.
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• §§12101.
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• §§71, 5766, 6457, 13187.6.
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• Lau v. Nichols—quoted from copy of Opinion in author's possession.
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• Lau v. Nichols. 483 F. 2d 791 ( 1973 ).
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• Lau v. Nichols in C.C.H., U.S. Supreme Court Bulletin. B1054.
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• Ibid. , B1054.
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• Ibid. , B1055.
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• Ibid. , B1056–1057.
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• For a discussion see Jorge C. Rangel and Carlos M. Alcala , “Project Report: De Jure Segregation of Chicanos in Texas Schools,” Harvard Civil Rights—Civil Liberties Law Review 7 ( March 1972 ): 307 – 91 ; Arnold H. Leibowitz, “English Literacy: Legal Sanction for Discrimination,” Notre Dame Lawyer 45 1969: 7–67.
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• 321 F. Supp. 1043 ( 1970 ).
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• 351 F. Supp. 1279 ( 1972 ).
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• Civil No. 71–435 PHX (D. Ariz. May 9, 1972 ).
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• Lau v. Nichols. B1061–1062.
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• In such states as Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Mexico, New York, and Texas.
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