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Original Articles

Our Overcrowded Secondary Schools

Pages 151-167 | Published online: 30 Jan 2008

Notes

  • J. B. Calhoun , “Ecological Factors in the Development of Behavioral Anomolies,” in Comparative Psychopathology: Animal and Human , ed. J. Zubin and H. F. Hunt (New York Grune and Stratton, 1967 ), pp. 1 – 15
  • A. Churchman , C. Shuman , and L. S. Kogan , “Health and Welfare Correlates of School Achievement in New York City,” Urban Education 10 ( 1976 ): 305 – 20 J. A. Desor, “Towards a Psychological Theory of Crowding,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28 (1972):79–83; T. R. Dye, “Population Density and Social Pathology,” Urban Affairs 11 (1975):265–75; D. Elgin, City Size and the Quality of Life (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974); and H. M. Proshansky, “Theoretical Issues in Environmental Psychology,” School Review 82 (1974):541–55.
  • J. L. Freedman , Crowding and Behavior: The Psychology of High Density Living ( New York : Viking Press , 1975 ); and J. E. Lawrence, “Science and Sentiment: Overview of Research on Crowding and Human Behavior,” Psychological Bulletin 81 (1974):712–20.
  • R. M. Baron , “Crowding and the Educational Process,” Phi Delta Kappan 56 ( 1975 ): 318 – 20
  • Ibid. ; E. Hall, The Hidden Dimension (New York: Random House, 1966); R. H. Jacobs, “Our Troubled Suburban High Schools,” Phi Delta Kappan 53 (1971):100–101; and B. H. McKenna and M. N. Olson, “Class Size Revisited,” Today's Education 64 (1975): 29–31.
  • Churchman , Shuman , and Kogan , “ Health and Welfare Correlates.
  • G. W. Neill , “The Reform of Intermediate and Secondary Education in California,” Phi Delta Kappan 57 ( 1976 ): 391 – 94
  • Baron, “ Crowding ”; S. F. Bolander, “Class Size and Levels of Student Motivation,” Journal of Experimental Education 42 (1973): 12–17; G. W. Mayeske, A Study of Our Nation's Schools (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972); and A. A. Summers and B. L. Wolfe, “Which School Resources Help Learning? Efficiency and Equity in Philadelphia's Public Schools,” Business Review (Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 1975).
  • J. F. Baker , “A Study of the Relationships and Educational Effectiveness of Upper Levels of School Size and Selected Student Characteristics and Behavior,” Dissertation Abstracts , 1971 , 32A, 4403A.
  • R. W. Kurth and R. M. Pavalko , “School Resources, School Environments and Educational Outcomes,” Journal of Research and Development in Education 9 ( 1975 ): 70 – 82
  • A. Gold , “The Resurgence of the Small School in the City,” Phi Delta Kappan 56 ( 1975 ): 313 – 19 In his discussion of “optimum school size for New York City's elementary schools, Gold, for example, proposes a square foot-pupil range of 90–100 square feet of instructional space, a figure one-fifteenth less than that cited by Kurth and Pavalko.
  • Mayeske , Nation's Schools.
  • Summers and Wolfe, “ Which School Resources Help Learning?
  • Teachers Task Force, Inside Out: Final Report and Recommendations on the Improvement and Reform of American Education ( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1974 ).
  • A. A. Davis , “ The Relationship of School Size to Student Morale ,” Dissertation Abstracts , 1972 , 33A, 73A.
  • V. W. Grant , “Estimates of High School Dropouts,” American Education 11 ( 1975 ).
  • Jacobs , “ Troubled Suburban High Schools ”; and H. M. Johnson, “Are Compulsory Attendance Laws Outdated?,” Phi Delta Kappan 55 (1973):226–32.
  • Mayeske , Nation's Schools.
  • National Advisory Council on Supplementary Centers and Services, Dropout Prevention ( Washington , D.C. : Author , 1975 ).
  • S. Thomson and D. Stanard , “Student Attendance and Absenteeism,” The Practitioner I ( 1975 ).
  • D. J. Chase , “Compulsory Attendance: Sense or Nonsense?,” Nation's Schools 93 ( 1974 ): 41 – 43 G. G. Gorden, “Must Schools Be Custodial Institutions?,” Educational Leadership 33 (1975):209–12; and Johnson, “Compulsory Attendance Laws.”
  • G. H. Gallup , “Seventh Annual Gallup Poll of Public Attitudes Toward Education,” Phi Delta Kappan 57 ( 1975 ): 227 – 41 National Education Association, Danger -School Ahead: Violence in the Public Schools (Washington, D.C.: Author, 1975); “Violence in the Schools: Now a Crackdown,” U.S. News & World Report. April 14, 1975, pp. 37–45.
  • B. Bayh , Our Nation's Schools—A Report Card: “A” in School Violence and Vandalism. Preliminary Report of the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, Based on Investigations 1971–75 ( Washington , D.C. : Senate Committee on the Judiciary, United States Congress , 1975 ); Gorden, “Must Schools Be?”; and H. Rader, “The Child as Terrorist,” School Review 84 (1975):5–41.
  • “ Terror in Schools ,” U.S. News & World Report , January 26, 1976 , pp. 52 – 54
  • Children's Defense Fund, School Suspensions: Are They Helping Children? ( Cambridge , Ma. : Authors , 1975 ); and Gorden, “Must Schools Be?”
  • California State Department of Education, A Report on Conflict and Violence in California's High Schools ( Sacramento : Author , 1973 ): and Summers and Wolfe, “Which School Resources Help Learning?”
  • California State Department of Education, A Report , p. 18 .
  • National Criminal Justice Information and Statistic Service-Department of Justice, Crime in the Nation's Five Largest Cities. National Crime Panel Surveys of Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York and Philadelphia. Advance Report ( Washington , D.C. : Author , 1974 ).
  • Cited by S. McGrady , “How Safe Are You in School?,” Education Digest 40 ( 1974 ): 24 .
  • National Education Association, “ Teacher Opinion Poll ,” Education Digest 63 ( 1974 ): 105 .
  • Bayh , Our Nation's Schools: M. Brenton , “School Vandalism,” Today's Education 64 ( 1975 ): 82 – 85 Gorden, “Must Schools Be?”; and E. L. Koch, “School Vandalism and Strategies of Social Control,” Urban Education 10(1975):54–72.
  • “ Terror in Schools ,” U.S. News & World Report , January 26, 1976 , pp. 52 – 54
  • “ Assault and Battery Leave for Teachers ,” Nation's Schools Report 1 ( 1975 ): 5 – 6
  • G. M. Barnes , “A Perspective of Drinking Among Teenagers with Special Reference to New York State Studies,” Journal of School Health 45 ( 1975 )-.386–89; T. E. Bryant, “National Survey of Marijuana Use and Attitudes,” Journal of School Health 45 (1975):544–46; W. A. Glenn and L. G. Richard, Recent Surveys of Non-Medical Drug Use: A Compendium of Abstracts (Rockville, Md.: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1974); L. Ziombroski, R. Mulder, and D. William, “Drug Use Variations Between Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Youth,” Intellect 104 (1975):36–38.
  • Glenn and Richard , Recent Surveys.
  • S. H. Nelson , D. P. Kraft , and J. Fielding , “A National Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Patterns of Usage of Drugs by Disadvantaged Youth,” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 44 ( 1974 ): 532 – 37
  • J. Garbarino , Alienation and Educational Institutions: Final Report to the New York State Assembly by Scientific Staff ( Washington , D.C. : National Science Foundation , 1973 ).
  • Jacobs , “ Troubled Suburban High Schools ”; National Advisory Council on Supplementary Centers and Services, Dropout; and N. Tec, “Some Aspects of High School Status and Differential Involvement with Marijuana: A Study of Suburban Teenagers,” Adolescence 1 (1972): 1–29.
  • Barnes, “ Perspective of Drinking Among Teenagers ”; Bryant, “Survey of Marijuana Use”; Glenn and Richard, Surveys of Drug Use; and National Education Association, Danger-School Ahead.
  • Barnes, “ Perspective of Drinking Among Teenagers ”; Glenn and Richard, Surveys of Drug Use; Ziombrowski, Mulder, and William, “Drug Use Variations.”
  • Glenn and Richard , Surveys of Drug Use.
  • Gallup, “ Seventh Annual Gallup Poll.
  • L. D. Ponder and C. Mayshark , “The Relationship Between School Organizational Climate and Selected Teacher Health Indicators,” Journal of School Health 44 ( 1974 ): 122 – 25
  • D. W. Adams , “Tired and Frustrated Teachers,” Today's Education 64 ( 1975 ): 37 – 41
  • “ Terror in Schools ,” U.S. News & World Report. January 26, 1976 , pp. 52 – 54
  • A. Briggs , “Crisis in Control,” Adolescence 6 ( 1971 ): 105 – 15 T. S. Bowen, J. W. Payne, A. T. Johnson, and V. S. Perrimon, “Four Teachers Sound Off About Class Size,” Today's Education 65 (1976):39–42, 98; W. Doyle and G. A. Ponder, “Classroom Ecology: Some Concerns About a Neglected Dimension of Research and Teaching,” Contemporary Education 46 (1975): 183–88; and Summers and Wolfe, “Which School Resources Help Learning?”
  • Teachers Task Force, Inside Out.
  • W. McGuire , “What Can We Do About Violence?,” Today's Education 64 ( 1975 ): 22 -23; “Violence in the Schools: Now a Crackdown,” U.S. News & World Report, April 14, 1975, pp. 37–45.
  • Gold, “ Resurgence of the Small School ”; “Violence in the Schools: Now a Crackdown,” U.S. News & World Report, April 14, 1975, pp. 37–45.
  • Gallup , “ Seventh Annual Gallup Poll.
  • Children's Defense Fund, School Suspensions.
  • Adams , “ Frustrated Teachers ”; Briggs, “Crisis”; A. Jones, Students Do Not Push Your Teacher Down the Stairs on Friday (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973); and Teachers Task Force, Inside Out.
  • Baron , “ Crowding ”; and E. Proshansky and M. Wolfe, “The Physical Setting and Open Education,” School Review 82 (1974):557–74.
  • C. E. Bidwell and J. D. Kassarda , “School District Reorganization and Student Achievement,” American Sociological Review 40 ( 1975 ): 55 – 70 New York State Department of Education, “New Uses for Excess Space and Unused Buildings,” Inside Education 61 (1975):4–5, 16; and Educational Research Service, Summary of Research on Size of Schools and School Districts (Arlington, Va.: Authors, 1974).
  • E. F. Schumacher , Small Is Beautiful ( New York : Harper and Row , 1973 ).
  • L. S. Martin and B. N. Pavan , “Current Research on Open Space, Nongrading, Vertical Grouping and Team Teaching,” Phi Delta Kappan 57 ( 1976 ): 310 – 15 and Proshansky and Wolfe, “Open Education.”
  • Educational Research Service, Summary of Research; and M. Nelson and S. D. Sieber , “Innovations in Urban Secondary Schools,” School Review 84 ( 1976 ): 213 – 31
  • T. Esbensen , “Family Designed Learning: Accountability as Customer Satisfaction,” Phi Delta Kappan 54 ( 1973 ): 465 – 68 and G. W. Neil, “Washington Report,” Phi Delta Kappan 57 (1976):355–57.
  • E. J. Kelly , Parent-Teacher Interaction: A Special Educational Perspective ( Seattle : Special Child Publications , 1974 ).
  • C. Lopate , E. Flaxman , E. M. Bynam , and E. W. Gordon , “Decentralization and Community Participation in Public Education,” Review of Educational Research 40 ( 1970 ): 135 – 50

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