Notes
- See Stephen F. Mason , A History of the Sciences ( New York : Collier Books , 1962 ) and John D. Bernal, Science in History (London: G. A. Watts & Co., Ltd., 1965). Recall that the Ptolemaic system viewed the earth as the center of the universe and that the humoral theory saw human behavior and personality determined by the relative amounts of four fluids present in the body.
- See R. G. Collingwood , An Essay on Metaphysics ( London : Oxford University Press , 1940 ), especially pp. 21–77. A seminal work that is accessible to the educated lay person is Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, 1970), see especially pp. 52–110 for the matters under discussion here.
- B. F. Skinner , “A Case History in Scientific Method,” American Psychologist 11 ( 1956 ): 221 – 23
- Floyd Matson , The Broken Image: Man, Science, and Society ( New York : Doubleday and Company , 1965 ). This book is an absolute must for those interested in the two contrasting world-views that are under discussion here and their impact on the behavioral sciences.
- Gilbert Sax , Empirical Foundations of Education Research ( Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1968 ), pp. 17 – 18
- Ibid. , p. 18 .
- Ibid.
- See John B. Taylor , The New Physics ( New York : Basic Books, Inc. , 1972 ), pp. 72 – 114 The fact that such questions boggle our lay minds is proof that we hold to the mechanistic world-view and that that view permeates our culture beyond the minds of theoretical scientists. Such questions are absolutely confounding to the mechanistic world-view—it is heresy to ask them.
- Arthur Koestler , “Order from Disorder,” Harper's Magazine 249 ( July 1974 ): 58 . This is a fascinating article on the implications of the new science and whether or not determinism is still implied by science.
- Eric Rogers , Physics for the Inquiring Mind ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1960 ).
- Harry C. Bredemeier and Richard M. Stephenson , The Analysis of Social Systems ( New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. , 1962 ), pp.263–64.
- Stephen Toulmin , Foresight and Under-standing: An Inquiry into the Aims of Science ( New York : Harper Torchbooks , 1963 ).
- See, for instance, Anne M. Bussis , Edward A. Chittenden , and Marianne Amarel , “ Methodology in Educational Evaluation and Research ,” mimeographed ( Princeton , N.J. : Educational Testing Service , 1973 ); also Michael Q. Patton, Alternative Evaluation Research Design (North Dakota Study Group on Evaluation, 1975).
- Michael Q. Patton , Alternative Evaluation Research Paradigm (North Dakota Study Group on Evaluation, 1975 ), p. 27 .
- Herbert Zimiles , “A Radical and Regressive Solution to the Problem of Evaluation” (Paper presented at the Minnesota Round Table in Early Childhood Education, Wayzata, Minnesota, June 1973 ), pp. 7 – 8
- John I. Goodlad , The Dynamics of Educational Change ( New York : McGraw-Hill , 1975 ), p. 205 .
- Urie Bronfenbrenner , “The Experimental Ecology of Education,” Educational Researcher 5 ( 1976 ): 5 .
- Ibid. , p. 9 .
- Ibid. , p. 6 .
- Roger G. Barker and Paul Gump , Big School, Small School ( Stanford , Ca. : Stanford University Press , 1964 ), p. 3 .
- Ibid. , p. 4 .
- Ibid. , p. 9 .
- Carol Judy , 'Participant-Observation: An Interpretive Research Methodology for Elucidating the Educative Process,” mimeographed ( Madison , Wi. : University of Wisconsin , 1976 ), pp. 4 – 5
- R. T. LaPiere , “Attitudes vs. Actions,” Social Forces 13 ( 1934 ): 230 .
- Bronfenbrenner , “ Ecology ,” p. 7 .
- Ibid. , p. 6 .
- Seymour B. Sarason , The Culture of the School and the Problem of Change ( Boston : Allyn and Bacon , 1971 ), p. 12 .