Notes
- Annual Reports, Economic Development Council , 1968–1977 , inclusive.
- Milton Friedman , Capitalism and Freedom ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1962 ). For another point of view, see, Daniel Bell, “The Corporation and Society in the 1970's,” The Public Interest 24 (Summer 1971).
- The Institute for Educational Development , The Early Stages: EDC's Cooperative Partnership Programs with Brandeis and Monroe High Schools ( New York : IED , 1969 ).
- Ibid.
- IED/EDC Memoranda , June-August 1969 .
- Institute for Educational Development , Early Stages , pp. 15 – 18
- Bernard Cammarato , Letter from Chapter Chairman, United Federation of Teachers , 1969 .
- For an extended discussion of participatory methods in New York City high schools, see Dale Mann , “Political Representation and Urban Advisory Councils,” Teachers College Record , February 1974 .
- Floyd O. Flom , “From School-Industry Partnerships to Self Renewal in New York City High Schools,” Economic Development Council , 1975 .
- Ibid. , p. 10 .
- The total outlay by EDC was estimated at $2,585,000. Added to this was the board of education's direct investment of $1,045,000. The equivalent costs of volunteered hours is not calculated. The $3,630,000 total reflects direct and indirect expenses. Also, a contribution by the Rockefeller Foundation of $150,000, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund of $30,000, and the Haines Estate of $25,000 is not included.
- Bushwick High School in Brooklyn and George Washington High School in Manhattan became partnership schools in 1970 .
- et al. , Request for Proposals for Documentation/Analysis of Organizational Strategies for Sustained Improvement of Urban Schools , National Institute of Education, RFP/NIE R-75-0008, ( 1974 ).
- Flom , “ School-Industry Partnerships ,” pp. 6 – 11
- School Partnership Review Committee , “ An Evaluation and Recommendations for Future Actions ,” Economic Development Council , April 1973 .
- Samuel Kostman , “The EDC School Partnership Project and the School Self-Renewal Project: A Collaborative Model Between New York City High Schools and the Business Community,” Highpoints , April 1977 .
- Ibid.
- Richard E. Walton and Robert McKenzie , A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations ( New York : McGraw -Hill , 1965 ), Chapter VII.
- For a definition of the indeterminate situation, see John Dewey , How We Think ( Boston : Heath , 1933 ); and Fred N. Kerlinger, Foundations of Behavioral Research (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1964).
- For the application of organizational development techniques in the private sector, see R. R. Blake and J. S. Mouton , Building a Dynamic Corporation Through Grid Organization Development ( Reading , Ma. : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1969 ); Richard Beckhard, Organization Development: Strategies and Models (Reading, Ma.: Addison- Wesley Publishing Co., 1969); Renesis Likert, New Patterns of Management (New York: McGraw Hill Co., 1961); and Harry Levinson, Organizational Diagnosis (Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard University Press, 1972).
- Schmuck et al., Request for Proposals , pp. 180 – 210
- John W. Gardner , Self-Renewal ( New York : Harper and Row , 1965 ), p. 21 .
- Beckhard , Organization Development , p. 9 .
- Warren G. Bennis , Charging Organizations ( New York : McGraw-Hill , 1966 ), Chapter VI.
- Edgar H. Schein , Process Consultation: Its Role in Organization Development ( Reading , Ma. : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. , 1969 ), p. 9 .
- Chris Argyris , Management and Organizational Development: The Path from XA to YB ( New York : McGraw-Hill Book Co. , 1971 ), p. IX .
- Douglas McGreggor , The Human Side of Enterprise ( New York : McGraw-Hill Book Co. , 1960 ), pp. 33 – 57
- Amita Etzioni , Modern Ogranizations (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1964 ).
- Jacob W. Getzels , “Administration as a Social Process,” in Administrative Theory in Education , ed. Andrew W. Halpin ( Chicago : Midwest Administration Center, University of Chicago , 1958 ).
- Marc Bassin , Tom Gross and Virginia S. Newton , eds., School Self-Renewal ( New York : Economic Development Council , 1976 ).
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- A description of PERT and other operations research techniques such as: CPM and PEP can be found in Fred Luthan , Organizational Behavior ( New York : McGraw-Hill , 1973 ), Chapter X; Howard Simons, “Pert: How to Make a Deadline,” Think, May 1962.
- EDC Memorandum , “ Formula for High School Division Support of Renewal Schools ,” 1977 .
- Marc Bassin , Interview, November 21, 1977 .
- Bassin , Gross , and Newton , eds., Self-Renewal , pp. 5 – 10
- EDC Memorandum , “Formula.”
- Bassin , Gross , and Newton , eds., Self-Renewal.
- Ibid.
- L. Von Bertalanffy , “General Systems Theory—A Critical Review,” in Modern Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist , ed. Walter Buckley ( Chicago : Aldine , 1968 ), pp. 11 – 30
- A synopsis of systems typologies applicable to education can be found in Harry Hartley , Educational Planning—Programming—Budgeting: A Systems Approach ( Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall, Inc. , 1968 ). A discussion of broader systems typologies can be found in Daniel Katz and Robert Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organization (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1966).
- For an overview of these concepts see Wendell L. French and Cecil H. Bell , Jr. , Organization Development ( Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall , 1973 ), Chapter IX.
- Kenneth Sole , School Self Renewal Assessment Summary Report ( New York : Economic Development Council , 1977 ), p. 19 .
- Marc Bassin , “Memorandum to High School Self-Renewal Principals on Twenty-Six Hour Professional Development Sessions,” November 1, 1977 .
- This summarization is drawn from interviews conducted with high school principals: Murray Cohn , Brandeis; Melvin Taylor, Franklin; Leonard Blackman, Hughes; Phillip Lefton, Roosevelt; Joan Leonard, Bayridge; Ira Ewen, Madison; and renewal coordinators: Steven Mayer, Hughes; Suzanne Osterweill, Madison; and Robert Porterfield, Roosevelt.
- For examples of renewal projects and processes, see Robert Porterfield and Phillip Lefton , “ Blueprint for Change at Theodore Roosevelt: A Case History of Renewal ”; Eileen Stark, “A Renewal Outcome: Career Education,”; Fillmore Peltz, “High School Self-Renewal—A Model for Releasing Creative Energies,” Highpoints, New York: Board of Education, October1977. See also Suzanne Osterweill, “The Renewal Consultant: Catalyst Adviser, and Supporter”; Roxee Joly, “The Renewal Philosophy”; Sara Silverstein and Kay Zias, “Renewal to Involve Students in Problem Solving”; and Ilah J. Kelstein, “Renewal Process: Planning and Implementing a Ninth Grade Mini School,” Highpoints, December 1977.
- Kenneth Sole indicates that approximately 10 percent of those eligible participate in school renewal with an average of twelve individuals per school. See Sole , School Self Renewal , p. 27 .
- Economic Development Council , “ A Case History: School-Wide Renewal at Andrew Jackson High School ,” New York, 1976 .