Notes
- George La Noue , “The Politics of Education,” Teachers College Record 73 ( December 1971 ): 316 .
- P. B. Gough , “Some Hypotheses on Voucher Plan's Failure to Attract Support from Interest Groups,” Phi Delta Kappan 61 ( May 1980 ): 657 .
- Esther M. Swanker and Bernard E. Donovan , “Voucher Demonstration Project: Problems and Promise,” Phi Delta Kappan 52 ( December 1970 ): 244 .
- For information on the Cochran decision and “child benefit,” see R. Freeman Butts , Public Education in the United States: From Revolution to Reform ( New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston , 1978 ), p. 287 . In a section of his book subtitled “Public Freedom: Separation of Church and State,” Butts presents an intelligent analysis of the issue of public aid to parochial schools.
- Virgil C. Blum , “Freedom of Choice in Education,” in Educational Vouchers: Concepts and Controversies , ed. George R. La Noue ( New York : Teachers College Press , 1972 ), p. 23 .
- Ibid.
- La Noue , “ The Politics of Education ,” p. 311 .
- Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ), quoted In R. Kent Greenawalt, “Voucher Plans and Sectarian Schools: The Constitutional Problem,” in Parents, Teachers, and Children: Prospects for Choice in American Education (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1977), p. 213.
- Ibid. , p. 214 .
- Committee on Public Education and Religious Liberty (PEARL) v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 ( 1973 ), cited in Greenawalt , “ Voucher Plans ,” p. 216 .
- Cf. Greenawalt , “ Voucher Plans ,” pp. 208 , 223 – 25
- Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman , Free to Choose: A Personal Statement ( New York : Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich , 1980 ), pp. 163 – 64
- See W. Vance Grant and Leo J. Eiden , Digest of Education Statistics ( Washington , D.C. : National Center for Education Statistics , 1980 ), p. 45 .
- Eli Ginzberg , “The Economics of the Voucher System,” Teachers College Record 72 ( February 1971 ): 379 .
- Ibid.
- La Noue , “ The Politics of Education ,” p. 316 .
- Stephen Arons , “Equity, Option, and Vouchers,” Teachers College Record 72 ( February 1971 ): 87 .
- Andrew M. Greeley , “Freedom of Choice: Our Commitment to Integration,” in Parents, Teachers, and Children , p. 204 .
- Henry M. Levin , “Educational Vouchers and Social Policy,” Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Education, Stanford University, Program Report No. 79-B12 revised ( October 1979 ), p. 8 .
- John E. Coons and Stephen D. Sugarman , “ An Initiative for Education by Choice ,” proposed constitutional amendment for 1982 California election ballot, draft copy dated January 8, 1981 .
- Ibid.
- Levin made the following argument regarding the 1980 initiative: “ By absorbing an additional half million students who are presently in the private schools and who would be eligible for vouchers, the State would become responsible for another $1 billion a year in additional costs under the initiative. Over the next decade, the costs of the public schools would be at least $10 billion higher, even without increases in the consumer price index by underwriting the 10 percent of California's elementary and secondary students who are in private schools at present ” (see Levin , “Educational Vouchers,” p. 15 ).
- Ibid. , p. 11 .
- R. Gary Bridge and Julie Blackman , A Study of Alternatives in American Education, Vol. IV: Family Choice in Schooling , Rand Report R-2170/4-NIE ( Santa Monica , Ca. : The Rand Corporation , 1978 ), p. 36 .
- Ibid. , p. 99 .
- Michael Olivas , “Information Access Inequities: A Fatal Flaw in Educational Voucher Plans,” Journal of Law and Education 10 ( October 1981 ).
- Levin , “ Educational Vouchers ,” p. 12 .
- John E. Coons and Stephen D. Sugarman , Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control ( Berkeley , Ca. : University of California Press , 1978 ), p. 150 .
- Coons and Sugarman , “ An Initiative. ”
- Olivas , “ Information Access Inequities ,” p. 452 .
- Ibid. , pp. 450 – 51
- Jonathan P. Sher , Revitalizing Rural Education: A Legislator's Handbook ( Washington , D.C. : National Conference of State Legislatures , 1978 ), p. 15 .
- Ibid. , p. 6 .
- Ibid. , p. 11 .
- Friedman and Friedman , Free to Choose , p. 165 .
- Ibid.
- Jonathan P. Sher , “Pluralism in the Countryside: A Brief Profile of Rural America and Its Schools,” in Education in Rural America: A Reassessment of Conventional Wisdom , ed. Jonathan P. Sher ( Boulder , Co. : Westview Press , 1977 ), p. 5 .
- Denis P. Doyle , “The Politics of Choice: A View from the Bridge,” in Parents, Teachers, and Children , p. 251 .
- Greeley , “ Freedom of Choice ,” p. 188 .
- Butts , Public Education , p. 333 .
- Coons and Sugarman , Education by Choice , p. 116 .
- Ibid. , p. 191 .
- Ibid. , Appendix.
- Levin , “ Educational Vouchers ,” p. 7 .
- Christopher Jencks , “Giving Parents Money for Schooling: Education Vouchers,” Phi Delta Kappan 52 ( September 1970 ): 51 . Interestingly, Friedman (like Jencks) stipulates that “most children will still probably attend a neighborhood elementary school under a voucher plan—indeed, perhaps more than now do because the plan would end forced busing.” In the same breath, however, he argues that “the voucher plan would tend to make residential areas more heterogeneous” and “the local schools…less homogeneous than they are now” (see Friedman and Friedman, Free to Choose, p. 167). Here Friedman's argument is flawed. He has no basis for predicting that vouchers would foster heterogeneity in residential areas.
- Melvin Kohn , Class and Conformity: A Study in Values ( Homewood , Il. : Dorsey Press , 1969 ), pp. 34 – 35 104–05, quoted in Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintes, Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 146.
- Levin , “ Educational Vouchers ,” pp. 17 – 20
- For example, Bowles and Gintes , Schooling in Capitalist America; Michael W. Apple, Ideology and Curriculum (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979).
- Bridge and Blackman , Family Choice in Schooling , p. 66 .
- Ibid. , p. 57 .
- Ibid. , p. xiv.
- Doyle , “ The Politics of Choice ,” p. 251 .
- Levin , “ Educational Vouchers ,” p. 17 .
- R. Freeman Butts , “Educational Vouchers: The Private Pursuit of the Public Purse,” Phi Delta Kappan 61 ( September 1979 ): 8 .
- Butts , Public Education , p. 135 .
- Friedman and Friedman , Free to Choose , p. 165 .
- Paul Nachtigal , A Foundation Goes to School: The Ford Foundation Comprehensive School Improvement Program 1960–1970 ( New York : Ford Foundation , 1972 ), p. 30 .
- The Washington Post , October 26, 1981; November 3,1981; November 4, 1981.
- Robert D. Barr , “Alternatives for the Eighties: A Second Decade of Development,” Phi Delta Kappan 62 ( April 1981 ): 57 .
- Gail V. Bass , A Study of Alternatives in American Education, Vol I: District Policies and the Implementation of Change , Rand Report R-2170/1-NIE ( Santa Monica , Ca. : The Rand Corporation , 1978 ).
- James Coleman , “Choice in American Education,” in Parents, Teachers, and Children , p. 8 .