References
- John Goodlad , A Place Called School ( New York : McGraw Hill , 1984 ); Ernest Boyer, High School (New York: Harper & Row, 1983); and Theodore R. Sizer, Horace's Compromise (Boston: Houghlin Mifflin, 1984).
- Cleo H. Cherryholmes , “Discourse and Criticism in the Social Studies Classroom,” Theory and Research in Social Education 9 ( Winter 1982 ): 61 .
- Paulo Freire , Education for Critical Consciousness ( New York : Seabury Press , 1973 ), p. 17 .
- John Dewey , Experience and Education ( New York : Collier , 1938 ), p. 22 .
- Freire , Critical Consciousness , p. 10 .
- Karl Popper , Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge ( New York : Harper & Row , 1965 ), p. 151 .
- B. Othanel Smith , “The Improvement of Critical Thinking,” Progressive Education 30 ( March 1953 ): 129 – 134
- Edward D'Angelo , The Teaching of Critical Thinking ( Amsterdam : B.R. Gruner , 1971 ), p. 5 .
- Barry K. Beyer , “Improving Thinking Skills — Defining the Problem,” Phi Delta Kappan 65 ( March 1984 ): 487 .
- Walter Statkiewicz and Robert Allen , “Practice Exercises to Develop Critical Thinking Skills,” Journal of College Science Teaching 12 ( February 1983 ): 262 – 266
- D'Angelo , The Teaching of Critical Thinking , p. 7 .
- Ibid. , p. 17 .
- John E. McPeck , Critical Thinking and Education ( New York : St. Martin's Press , 1981 ), p. 6 .
- Robert H. Ennis , “A Concept of Critical Thinking,” Harvard Educational Review 32 ( Winter 1962 ): 83 .
- Beyer , “ Improving Thinking Skills ,” p. 556 .
- The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci , trans. Carl Marzani ( New York : Cameron Associates , 1957 ), p. 58 .
- Carolyn M. Collahan and Mary L. Corvo , “Validating the Ross Test for Identification and Evaluation of Critical Thinking Skills in Programs for the Gifted,” Journal for the Education of the Gifted 4 ( Fall 1980 ): 17 – 22
- McPeck , Critical Thinking and Education , p. 2 .
- Ennis , “ A Concept of Critical Thinking ,” p. 84 .
- Barry K. Beyer , “ Improving Thinking Skills ,” p. 557 .
- Edgar Dale , The Good Mind (Bloomington, Ind.: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, Fastback Series #105 , 1978 ), p. 33 .
- Ennis , “ A Concept of Critical Thinking ,” p. 85 .
- Alfred North Whitehead , The Aims of Education ( New York : Macmillan , 1929 ) p. 17 .
- John Dewey , How We Think ( New York : D.C. Heath , 1910 ), p. 4 .
- Ibid. , p. 9 .
- Ibid. , p. 30 .
- Eric Hoffer , The True Believer ( New York : Harper & Row , 1951 ).
- John Stuart Mill , as quoted in Milton Mayer, “Robert M. Hutchins , 1899–1977,” The Progressive 41 ( July 1977 ): 7 .
- David N. Perkins , as quoted by Tom Merga in “Emerging Interest in Reasoning Skills Marks Meeting on Critical Thinking,” Education Week 3 (August 29, 1984 ): 1 & 10.
- S. Samuel Shermis , “Schools Haven't Taught either Reasoning or Problem-Solving Skills,” Education Week 4 (October 3, 1984 ): 20 .
- See, Constance Kamii , “Autonomy: The Aim of Education Envisioned by Piaget,” Phi Delta Kappan 65 ( February 1984 ): 410 – 415
- E.g., Richard Paul , “Critical Thinking: Fundamental to Education for a Free Society,” Educational Leadership 42 ( September 1984 ): 4 – 14
- Walter Karp , “Why Johnny Can't Think: The Politics of Bad Schooling,” Harper's 270 ( June 1985 ): 70 .