References
- James McCarthy and Ellen S. Radish , “Research Note: Education and Childbearing Among Teenagers,” Family Planning Perspectives 14 (May-June 1982 ): 154 – 155 Kristin Moore and Linda J. White, “Early Childbearing and Educational Attainment,” Family Planning Perspectives 9 (September-October 1977): 220–225; G. L. Zellman, The Response of the Schools to Teen-age Pregnancy and Parenting (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1981).
- For general references about teen-age pregnancy, see: Alan Guttmacher Institute , Teen-age Pregnancy: The Problem That Hasn't Gone Away ( New York : Planned Parenthood Federation , 1981 ); Catherine S. Chilman, Adolescent Sexuality in a Changing American Society: Social and Psychological Perspectives, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983); Elizabeth R. McAnarney, ed., Premature Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood (New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983). Kristin A. Moore & Martha R. Burt, Private Crisis, Public Costs: Policy Perspectives on Teen-age Childbearing (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1979); Irving R. Stuart and Carl F. Wells, eds., Pregnancy in Adolescence: Needs, Problems and Management (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982).
- Nel Noddings , Caring: A Feminine Aproach to Ethics and Moral Education ( Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press , 1984 ).
- Harriet Presser , “Early Motherhood: Ignorance or Bliss?” Family Planning Perspectives 6 ( Winter 1974 ): 8 – 14
- Carol Gilligan . In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1982 ), p. 7 .
- Francine H. Haltgren , “Realizing Women's Potential for Being: A Heideggerian View” (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, March 1985 ), p. 8 .
- Mary Louise Mickler , “Interviews with Ralph Tyler,” The Educational Forum 50 ( Fall 1985 ): 23 – 46
- For penetrating discussions of these topics, see: Ken Auletta , The Underclass ( New York : Random House , 1982 ); Martin E. p. Seligman, “Depression and Learned Helplessness,” in Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research, eds. Raymond J. Friedman and Martin M. Katz (Washington, D.C.: V.H. Winston & Sons, 1974), pp. 82–126.
- Larry L. Bumpass , Ronald R. Rindfuss , and Richard B. Janosik , “Age and Marital Status at First Birth and the Pace of Subsequent Fertility,” Demography 15 ( February 1978 ): 75 – 86
- James Trussel and Jane Mencken , “Early Childbearing and Subsequent Fertility,” Family Planning Perspectives 10 (July-August 1978 ): 209 – 218
- Noddings , Caring , pp. 79 – 80
- Moore and Burt , Private Crisis, Public Costs , p. 140 .
- Richard E. Kreipe , “Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Developmental Approach,” in Premature Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood , ed. Elizabeth R. McAnarney ( New York : Grune and Stratton , 1983 ), pp. 37 – 59
- Joy Dryfoos , Review of Interventions in the Field of Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy: A Preliminary Report ( New York : The Rockefeller Foundation, October 1983 ); “A New Strategy for Preventing Unintended Teenage Childbearing,” Family Planning Perspectives 16 (July-August 1984): 193–195; “School-Based Health Clinics: A New Approach to Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy?” Family Planning Perspectives 17 (March-April 1985): 70–75.
- Douglas Kirby , Sexuality Education: An Evaluation of Programs and Their Effects: An Executive Summary ( Santa Cruz : Network Publications , 1984 ); School-Based Health Clinics: An Emerging Approach to Improving Adolescent Health and Addressing Teen-age Pregnancy (Washington, D.C.: Center for Population Options, 1985).
- Dryfoos , “ School-Based Health Clinics ,” p. 72 .
- Laura E. Edwards , Mary E. Steinman , Kathleen A. Arnold , and Erick Y. Hakanson , “Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Services in High School Clinics,” Family Planning Perspectives 12 (January-February 1980 ): 6 – 14
- Noddings , Caring , p. 179 .
- Julian Victor Langmead Casserly , In the Service of Man: Technology and the Future of Human Values ( Chicago : Regnery , 1967 ), p. 66 ; Parker Palmer, To Know as We Are Known (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983), p. 32.
- Philip Phenix , Philosophy of Education ( New York : Henry Holt , 1958 ), p. 566 .
- Jean Piaget , The Construction of Reality in the Child , trans. M. Cook ( New York : Basic Books , 1954 ), p. 267 .
- Noddings , Caring , p. 172 .
- Steven Paul Schinke , “Preventing Teen-age Pregnancy,” in Progress in Behavior Modification , eds. Michael Hersen , Richard M. Eisler , and Peter M. Miller , ( New York : Academic Press , 1984 ), pp. 31 – 64
- Kreipe , “ Prevention of Adolescent Pregnancy ,” p. 41 .
- Ibid.
- John Dewey , Lectures in the Philosophy of Education, 1899 , ed. R.D. Archambault ( New York : Random House , 1966 ), p. 118 .
- Ibid. , p. 109 .
- Palmer , To Know as We Are Known , p. 52 .
- Howard Gardner , Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences ( New York : Basic Books , 1983 ), pp. 287 – 298
- Ibid.
- Dryfoos , “ School-Based Health Clinics ,” pp. 70 – 72 Kirby, School-Based Health Clinics, pp. 6–7.
- Adapted from LeRoy Troutner , “John Dewey and the Existenialist Phenomenologist,” in Existentialism and Phenomenology in Education , ed. David E. Denton ( New York : Teachers College Press , 1974 ), pp. 44 – 46
- Louise Berman , Students in an Alternative High School Talk about Planning (College Park, Maryland University of Maryland, 1982 ), p. 13 .
- Moore and Burt , Private Crisis, Public Costs , p. 140 .
- Virginia Abernathy , “Social Network and Response to the Maternal Role,” International Journal of Sociology and the Family 3 ( March 1973 ): 86 – 92 Shirley Jessor and Richard Jessor, “Transition from Virginity to Nonvirginity among Youth,” Developmental Psychology 11 (July 1975): 473–484; Burton Mindick and Stuart Oskamp, “Individual Differences among Adolescent Contraceptors: Some Implications for Intervention,” in Pregnancy in Adolescence: Needs, Problems and Management, eds. Irving R. Stuart and Carl F. Wells (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982), pp. 140–176.
- Schinke , “ Preventing Teen-age Pregnancy ,” p. 38 .
- Moore and Bert , Private Crisis, Public Cost , pp. 139 – 140
- Ibid. , p. 141 .
- Kirby , Sexuality Education , p. 7 ; Lewayne D. Gilchrist, Steven Paul Schinke, and Betty Jean Blythe, “Primary Prevention Services for Children and Youth,” Children and Youth Services Review 1 (No. 4, 1979): 379–391; Steven Paul Schinke, “School Based Model for Preventing Teen-age Pregnancy,” Social Work in Education 4 (January 1982): 34–42. the Theory into Practice Seminar of the School of Education of California State University, Sacramento; and the 1986 meeting of the Far West Philosophy of Education Society. While none of these institutions is responsible for what is written here, the article underwent significant revision after each of its presentations. We are very grateful to those people whose criticisms helped us to correct our more blatant errors and omissions.