Women in Education: At Risk or Prepared?

References

• Task Force on Teaching as a Profession . 1986 . A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century , 31 New York : Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy .
   Google Scholar
• National Commission on Excellence in Education . 1983 . A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing office .
   Google Scholar
• Force , Task . A Nation Prepared
   Google Scholar
• National Commission . A Nation at Risk 5
   Google Scholar
• Pipho , Chris . 1986 . Education Reform — It Looks Like a Keeper . Phi Delta Kappan , 67 June : 701 – 702 .
   Google Scholar
• National Commission . 5
   Google Scholar
• 31 Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Force , Task . A Nation Prepared 79 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Angela Y. 1981 . Women, Race and Class , New York : Vintage Books . Rhetaugh Graves Dumas, “Dilemmas of Black Females in Leadership,” in The Black Woman, ed. La Frances Rodgers‐Rose (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1980), pp. 203–215; Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: William Morrow, 1984); Clevonne Watkins Turner, “Psychosocial Barriers of Black Women's Career Development,” Working Paper No. 15, Stone Center for Developmental Services and Studies (Wellesley, Mass: Wellesley College, 1984)
   Google Scholar
• Force , Task . A Nation Prepared 31
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , Nancy . 1981 . Women's “True” Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching , 6 Old Westbury, N.Y. : The Feminist Press . Sheila M. Rothman Women's Proper Place (New York: Basic Books, 1978); Kathryn Sklar, “Catherine Beecher: Transforming the Teaching Profession,” in Women's America: Refocusing the Past, eds. Linda K. Kerber and Jane Dehart Mathews (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 147
   Google Scholar
• Shanker , Albert . 1983 . Where We Stand — President Reagan Fails Education . New York Times , 132 May 29 : E7 sec. 4
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . Databank . Education Week , 1 March 10 : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , Suzanne . September 1980 . Fact Sheet on Women in Educational Administration September , available from the author at 402 Tennessee Ave., Alexandria, Virginia 22305
   Google Scholar
• Gribskov , Margaret . 1980 . “ Feminism and the Woman School Administrator ” . In Women and Educational leadership , Edited by: Biklen , Sari Knopp and Brannigan , Marilyn B. 77 Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Estler , Suzanne . 1975 . Women as Leaders in Public Education . Signs , 1 Winter : 363 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement , Jacqueline P. , DiBella , Cecilia M. , Eckstrom , Ruth B. and Tobias , Sheila . 1978 . “ No Room at the Top? ” . In Taking Sexism out of Education: The National Project on Women in Education , 50 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Metropolitan Life “Survey of Former Teachers in America: Why They Left, Where They Went, What Must Be Done to Retain Good Teachers,” American Educator 10 (Summer 1986): 48
   Google Scholar
• Shakeshaft , Charol . 1985 . “ Strategies for Overcoming the Barriers to Women in Educational Administration ” . In Handbook in Achieving Sex Equity through Education , Edited by: Klein , Susan S. 124 Baltimore : John Hopkins Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , Sue , ed. 1976 . Female Psychology , Chicago : Science Research Associates . Patricia A. Schmuck, “Deterrants to Women's Careers in School Management,” Sex Roles 1(1975): 339–353; Shakeshaft, “Strategies,” p. 131; Carol Tavris and Carole Offir, The Longest War (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977)
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , Sally Louise . 1975 . A Study of Personal, Perceptual and Motivational Factors Influential in Predicting the Aspiration Level of Women and Men toward the Administrative Roles in Education , Doctoral dissertation Boston University . Matina Horner, “Fail: Bright Women,” Psychology Today 3 (November 1969): 36–38, 62; Dorothy Elliott Sample, “Some Factors Affecting the Flow of Women Teachers as Related to their Perceptions of the Chances of Success in Becoming a School Administrator,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 1977
   Google Scholar
• Bailyn , L. 1975 . “ Family Constraints on Women's Work ” . In Women and Success , Edited by: Knundsin , Ruth B. 94 – 102 . New York : William Morrow . William H. Chafe The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic and Political Roles, 1920–70 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); Rose Laub Coser and Gerald Rokoff “Women in the Occupational World: Social Disruption and Conflict,” in Women and Work: Problems and Perspectives, eds. Rachel Kahn‐Hut, Arlene Daniels and Richard Colvard (New York: Oxford University Press, 19821, pp. 39–53; Jane G. Hunt and Larry L. Hunt, “Dilemmas and Contradictions of Status: The Case of the Dual‐Career Family,” in Women and Work: Problems and Perspectives, eds. Rachel Kahn‐Hut et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 181–201; Elizabeth Maxwell McCorkle, “Top‐level Women Administrators in Higher Education: A Study of Women Presidents, Chief Academic Officers, and Academic Deans in Federal Regions I, VI, and X,” Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, 1974; Jeanne Marecek, “Psychological Disorders in Women: Indices of Role Strain,” in Women and Sex Roles: A Social Psychological Perspective, eds. Irene H. Frieze, Jacquelynne E. Parsons, Pamela B. Johnson, Diane N. Ruble, and Gail L. Zellmann (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978): 255–276
   Google Scholar
• Angrist , Shirley . 1972 . Variations in Women's Adult Aspirations during College . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 34 August : 465 – 468 . Saul D. Feldman “Impediment or Stimulant: Marital Status and Graduate Education,” American Journal of Sociology 78 (January 1973): 982–994; Nancy M. Henley “Psychology and Gender,” Signs 2 (Autumn 1985): 101–119; Richard M. Levinson, “Sex Discrimination and Employment Practices: An Experiment with Unconventional Job Inquiries,” in Women and Work: Problems and Perspectives, ed. Rachel Kahn‐Hut et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 54–64; Carol Poll, “No Room at the Top: A Study of the Social Processes that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Women on the Administrative Levels of the New York City School System,” Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York, 1978); Shulamit Reinharz, “The Career Controversy for Women,” Educational Horizons 64 (Spring 1986): 136–139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine , Michelle . 1981 . An Injustice by Any Other Name… . Victimology , 6 ( No. 124 ) : 1 – 4 . 48 – 58 . “Options of Injustice: Seeing Other Lights,” Representative Research in Social Psychology 10 (Nos. 1–2, 1979): 61–76; Henry Giroux, Theory and Resistance: A Pedagogy for Opposition (South Hadley, Mass.: J. F. Bergin, 1982); Bell Hooks, Ain't I a Woman? (Boston: South End Press, 1981)
   Google Scholar
• Kanter , Rosabeth Moss . 1977 . Men and Women of the Corporation , New York : Basic Books . and “The Impact of Hierarchical Structures on the Work Behavior of Women and Men,” in Women and Work: Problems and Perspectives, eds. Rachel Kahn‐Hut et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 234–247; Stephanie Riger and Patricia Galligan, “Women in Management: An Exploration of Competing Paradigms,” American Psychologist 35 (October 1980): 902–910; Myra H. Strober and Audri Gordon Lanford, “The Feminization of Public School Teaching: Cross‐sectional Analysis, 1850–1880,” Signs 2 (Winter 1986): 212–235; Myra H. Strober and David Tyack, “Why Do Women Teach and Men Manage? A Report on Research on Schools,” Signs 5 (Spring 1980): 497
   Google Scholar
• Clement . No Room at the Top? 50 – 63 . Marian Kay Baughman, “Attitudes and Perceptions of a Selected Sample of Women Senior High Teachers toward Becoming School Administrators in Detroit Public Schools,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1977; Mary Helen Gasser “Career Patterns of Women Administrators in Higher Education: Barriers and Constraints,” Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, 1975); Emily Taylor and Donna Shavlik, “To Advance Women: A National Identification Program,” Educational Record 58 (Winter 1977); 91–100
   Google Scholar
• Antonucci , Toni . 1980 . “ The Need for Female Role Models in Education ” . In Women arid Educational leadership , Edited by: Biklen , Sari Knopp and Brannigan , Marilyn B. 185 Lexington, Mass : Lexington Books . Margaret Carol Davis, “Women Administrators in Southeastern Institutions of Higher Education,” Doctoral dissertation, The University of Alabama, 1978; William A. Gray and Marilynne M. Gray, “Synthesis of Research on Mentoring Beginning Teachers,” Educational Leadership 43 (November 1985): 37–43; Catherine Marshall, “Organizational Policy and Women's Socialization in Administration,” Urban Education 16 (July 1981): 205–231; Jeanne J. Speizer, “Role Models, Mentors and Sponsors: The Elusive Concept,” Signs 6 (Summer 1981): 692–712
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , Sheila Kishler and Shapiro , Joan Poliner . Informal Goal Orientations and Women's Network Organizations in Academic Settings (Paper presented at the Seventh Annual Meeting of Research on Women in Education, American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C., October 1981); Gloria C. Fauth, “Women in Educational Administration: A Research Profile,” The Educational Forum 49 (Fall 1984): 65–79; Speizer, “Role Models, Mentors and Sponsors.”
   Google Scholar
• Crull , Peggy . 1980 . “ The Impact of Sexual Harassment on the Job: A Profile of the Experiences of 92 Women ” . In Sexuality in Organizations: Romantic and Coercive Behaviors at Work , Edited by: Neugarten , Dail Ann and Shafritz , Jay M. 67 – 71 . Oak Park, Ill. : Moore Publishing . Bess Drust, “Factors Related to the Employment of Women as Junior High School and High School Principals, Assistant Superintendents and Superintendents in California Public Schools,” Doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University, 1976; Joan Tupper Fleming, “Assessment of Employment Practices towards Women Administrators in Institutions of Higher Education,” Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1974; Herbert Burton Goldsmith, “The Categorical Dominance of Sex, Race, and National Origin in the Preference of White, Black, Hispanic Male and Female New York City Elementary School Teachers for White, Black Hispanic Male and Female Elementary School Principal Candidates by Means of a Simulation Activity,” Doctoral dissertation, North Texas State University, 1978; Greta Story Pruitt, “Women in Leadership in Alternative Schools,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1976; Leianna M. Rabenau, “The Perceptions of Superintendents of the Importance of Selected Variables Used to Evaluate Male and Female Applicants for the Position of Public‐School Administrator,” Doctoral dissertation, St. Louis University, 1978; Claire Sherman Thomas, Sex Discrimination in a Nutshell (St. Paul: West Publishing, 1982); Mary Margaret Tjosvold, “An Analysis of Selected Factors in Personnel Management Decisions Which Superintendents Perceive as Affecting the Employment and Promotion of Women in Public School Administration in Minnesota,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1975; Joyce Washnok Way, “A Comparison of Background Profiles, Career Expectations and Career Aspirations of Men and Women Public School Administrators,” Doctoral dissertation, Western Michigan University, 1976)
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz , Flora . 1982 . Career Patterns in Education: Men, Women and Minorities in Public School Administration , 58 New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• 59 Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Fishel , Andrew and Pottker , Janice . 1975 . Performance of Women Principals: Review of Behavioral and Attitudinal Studies . Journal of NAWDAC , Spring : 110 – 115 . Neal Gross and Anne E. Trask The Sex Factor and the Management of Schools (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976); Nancy J. Pitner “Hormones and Harems: Are the Activities of Superintending Different for a Woman?” in Educational Policy and Management, ed. Patricia A. Schmuck, W. W. Charters, Jr. and Richard O. Carlson (New York: Academic Press, 1981), p. 288; Charol Shakeshaft, “A Female Organizational Culture,” Educational Horizons 64 (Spring 1986): 117–122
   Google Scholar
• Gross and Trask . The Sex Factor 219
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Mason , Ward . 1961 . The Beginning Teacher , 59 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Kanter , Rosabeth Moss . Men and Women of the Corporation 246 – 247 . “The Impact of Hierarchical Structures,” pp. 234–247
   Google Scholar
• Clement . 51
   Google Scholar
• Natriello , Gary and Cohn , Marilyn . 1983 . Critical Issues in the Development of a Merit Pay System . Administrator's Notebook , 31 ( No. 3 ) : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Force , Task . A Nation Prepared 36
   Google Scholar
• Schmuck , Patricia A. 1980 . “ Changing Women's Representation in School Management: A Systems Perspective ” . In Women and Educational Leadership , Edited by: Biklen , Sari Knopp and Brannigan , Marilyn B. 240 Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bacharach , Samuel B. and Conley , Sharon C. 1986 . Educational Reform: A Managerial Agenda . Phi Delta Kappan , 67 May : 641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 642 Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Kottkamp , Robert B. , Provenzo , Eugene F. Jr. and Cohn , Cohn M. 1986 . Stability and Change in a Profession: Two Decades of Teacher Attitudes, 1964–1984 . Phi Delta Kappan , 67 April : 563
   Google Scholar
• Force , Task . A Nation Prepared 67 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Sargent , Alice G. 1981 . The Androgynous Manager , New York : Amacom .
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro , Joan Poliner and Shapiro , Irving M. 1984 . A Triumvarate +1 of Deans: A New Model for Health School Administration . Health Care Management Review , 9 Summer : 67 – 69 .
   Google Scholar