The Matthew effect in the classroomFootnote1

I would like to acknowledge my debt to R. K. Merton, whose paper The Matthew Effect in Science provides a most entertaining insight into the subtle and devious ways in which the scientific community determines which of its members shall be rewarded and which denied

References

• ANASTASIOW , N. J. and ESPINOSA , I. B. 1966 . ‘Development of a Spanish listening comprehension test and evaluation of the elementary Spanish television instruction’ . Cat. J. Educ. Res. , 17 ( 1 ) : 12 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASPV , D. N. and ROEBUCK , F. N. 1972 . ‘An investigation of the relationship between student levels of cognitive functioning and the teacher's classroom behavior’ . J. Educ. Res. , 65 ( 8 ) : 365 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROPHY , J. E. and GOOD , T. L. 1970 . ‘Teachers’ communication of differential expectations for children's classroom performance’ . J. Educ. Psychol. , 61 : 365 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURSTALL , C. , JAMIESON , M. , COHEN , S. and HAR‐GREAVES , M. 1974 . Primary French in the Balance , Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• CLAIBORN , W. L. 1969 . ‘Expectancy effects in the classroom: a failure to replicate’ . J. Educ. Psychol. , 60 ( 5 ) : 377 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLIFFORD , M. M. and WALSTER , E. 1973 . ‘The effect of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations’ . Sociol. Educ , 46 : 248 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROWL , T. K. and MacGINITIE , W. H. 1974 . ‘The influence of students’ speech characteristics on teachers’ evaluations of oral answers’ . J. Educ. Psychol. , 66 ( 3 ) : 304 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DION , K. 1972 . ‘Physical attractiveness and evaluation of children's transgressions’ . J. Personality Soc. Psychol. , 24 : 207 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUSEK , J. B. and O'CONNELL , E. J. 1973 . ‘Teacher expectancy effects on the achievement test performance of elementary school children’ . J. Educ. Psychol. , 65 ( 3 ) : 371 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FELSENTHAL , H. Pupil Sex as a Variable in Teacher Perception of Classroom Behavior . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association . February , New York.
   Google Scholar
• FESHBACH , N. D. 1969 . ‘Student teacher preferences for elementary school pupils varying in personality characteristics’ . J. Educ. Psychol , 60 ( 2 ) : 126 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLEMING , E. S. and ANTTONEN , R. G. 1971 . ‘Teacher expectancy or My Fair Lady’ . Amer. Educ. Res. J. , 8 ( 2 ) : 241 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOSTER , G. G. , YSSELDYKE , J. E. and REESE , J. H. 1975 . ‘I wouldn't have seen it if I hadn't believed it’ . Exceptional Children , April : 469 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GLICK , O. 1972 . ‘Some social‐emotional consequences of early inadequate acquisition of reading skills’ . J. Educ. Psychol , 63 ( 3 ) : 253 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOOD , T. L. 1970 . ‘Which pupils do teachers call on?’ . Elementary School J. , 70 : 190 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOOD , T. L. and BROPHY , J. E. 1974 . ‘Changing teacher and student behavior: an empirical investigation’ . J. Educ. Psychol , 66 ( 3 ) : 390 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUGHES , D. C. 1973 . ‘An experimental investigation of the effects of pupil responding and teacher reacting on pupil achievement’ . Amer. Educ. Res. J. , 10 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACKSON , P. W. and LAHADERNE , H. M. 1967 . ‘Inequalities of teacher‐pupil contacts’ . Psychol. in the Schools , 4 ( 3 ) : 204 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOSÉ , J. and CODY , J. J. 1971 . ‘Teacher‐pupil interaction as it relates to attempted changes in teacher expectancy of academic ability and achievement’ . Amer. Educ. Res. J. , 8 ( 1 ) : 39 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• MERTON , R. K. 1973 . “ The Matthew effect in science’ ” . In The Sociology of Science , Chicago and London : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• PALARDY , J. M. 1969 . ‘What teachers believe ‐‐ what children achieve’ . Elementary School J. , 69 : 370 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICH , J. 1975 . ‘Effects of children's physical attractiveness on teachers∗ evaluations’ . J. Educ. Psychol , 67 ( 5 ) : 599 – 609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIST , R. C. 1970 . ‘Student social class and teacher expectations: the self‐fulfilling prophecy in ghetto education’ . Harv. Educ. Rev. , 40 ( 3 ) : 411 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROSENTHAL , R. and JACOBSON , L. 1968 . Pygmalion in the Classroom , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• SHAFER , R. E. and SHAFER , S. M. 1975 . Teacher attitudes towards children's language in West Germany and England’ . Comparative Educ. , 11 ( 1 ) : 43 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNITED STATES OFFICE OF EDUCATION . 1970 . Education of the Disadvantaged , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS , F. , WHITEHEAD , J. C. and MILLER , L. 1972 . ‘Relations between language attitudes and teacher expectancy’ . Amer. Educ Res. J. , 9 ( 2 ) : 263 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar