When is a stage not a stage? A critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development and its application to science education

References

• ESS and SCIS in America; ‘Science 5/13’ in England; ‘SEPA Science’ in Africa
   Google Scholar
• ‘Progress in Learning Science.’ A Schools Council Project at the University of Reading, directed by Dr Wynne Harlen
   Google Scholar
• SHAYER , M. 1970 . ‘How to assess science courses’ . Education in Chemistry , 7 ( 5 ) : 182 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• LAWSON , A. and RENNER , J. 1975 . ‘Relationships of science subject matter and developmental levels of learners’ . J. Res. Sc. Teaching , 12 : 347 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• SAYRE , S. and BALL , D. 1975 . ‘Piagetian cogni‐ tive development and achievement in science’ . J. Res. Sc. Teaching , 12 : 165 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• PIAGET , J. 1970 . Genetic Epistemology , 13 Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• LUNZER , E. A. 1973 . “ The development of formal reasoning: some recent experiments and their implications’ ” . In Cognitive Processes and Science Instruction , Edited by: FREY, and LANG . Bern : Hans Huber .
   Google Scholar
• LOVELL , K. 1974 . ‘Intellectual growth and understanding science’ . Studies in Science Education , 1 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• PEEL , E. A. 1971 . ‘Generalising and abstracting’ . Nature , 230 ( 5296 ) : 600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FLAVELL , J. H. 1963 . The Developmental Psychology of Jean Piaget , London : Van No strand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• INHELDER , B. and PIAGET , J. 1958 . The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence , 265 New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• PARSONS , C. 1960 . ‘Inhelder and Piaget's The Growth of Logical Thinking, II: a logician's viewpoint’ . Br. J. Psychol. , 51 : 75 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENNIS , R. 1975 . ‘Children's ability to handle Piaget's propositional logic: a conceptual critique’ . Rev. Educ. Res. , 45 ( 1 ) : 1 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid. , 39
   Google Scholar
• BRAINERD , C. J. 1971 . ‘The development of the proportionality scheme in children and adolescents’ . Dev. Psychol , 5 : 469 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUNZER , E. A. and PUMPHREY , P. D. 1966 . ‘Understanding proportionality’ . Mathematics Teaching , 34 : 7 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• LOVELL , K. and BUTTERWORTH , I. B. 1966 . ‘Abilities underlying the understanding of proportionality’ . Mathematics Teaching , 37 : 5 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• WEITZ , L. J. 1973 . ‘Piaget's system of 16 binary operations: an empirical investigation’ . J. Genet. Psychol. , 123 : 279 – 84 . See, for example, the alternative analysis of the protocol reported by Inhelder and Piaget in The Growth of Logical Thinking which they present as an example of the 16 binary operations
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASHTON , P. 1975 . ‘Cross‐cultural Piagetian research: an experimental perspective’ . Harv. Educ. Rev. , 45 ( 4 ) : 475 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BERRY , J. W. and DASEN , P. R. , eds. 1974 . Culture and Cognition: Readings in Cross‐Culturala Psychology , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• GAY , J. and COLE , M. 1967 . New Mathematics in an Old Culture , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston . A well known study which reflects the former type of approach is that of
   Google Scholar
• KAMARA , A. I. and EASLEY , J. A. 1976 . “ ‘Is the role of cognitive development uniform across cultures? A methodological critique with new evidence from Themne children’ ” . In Piagetian Psychology: Cross‐Cultural Contributions , Edited by: DASEN , P. R. New York : Gardner Press . Further issues in cross‐cultural Piagetian work are explored in a paper by
   Google Scholar
• COLE , M. and SCRIBNER , S. 1971 . Culture and Thought: A Psychological Introduction , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• WALLACE , J. G. 1972 . Stages and Transition in Conceptual Development , Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• INHELDER , B. and PIAGET , J. op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• PIAGET , J. 1972 . ‘Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood’ . Hum. Dev. , 15 : 1 – 12 . More recently Piaget has revised his view
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOVELL , K. 1961 . ‘A follow‐up study of Inhelder and Piaget's The Growth of Logical Thinking’ . Br. J. Psychol. , 52 : 143 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JACKSON , S. 1965 . ‘The growth of logical thinking in normal and subnormal children’ . Br. J. Educ. Psychol. , 35 : 255 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN , G. and DESFORGES , C. 1977 . ‘Piagetian psychology and education: time for revision’ . Br. J. Educ. Psychol , 47 : 7 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid. ,
   Google Scholar
• LUNZER , E. A. 1965 . ‘Problems of formal reasoning in test situations’ . Monograph of Society for Res. in Child Dev. No. 100 , 30 ( 2 ) : 19 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibid. , 45
   Google Scholar
• WASON , P. C. and JOHNSON‐LAIRD , P. N. 1972 . Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content , London : Batsford .
   Google Scholar
• Ibid. 74
   Google Scholar
• Ibid. 244 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• WHEELER , E. A. and KASS , H. Proportional Reasoning in Introductory High School Chemistry . Paper presented to the fiftieth Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching . Ohio.
   Google Scholar
• BOULANGER , D. F. 1976 . ‘The effects of training in the proportional reasoning associated with the concept of speed’ . J. Res. Sci. Teaching , 13 ( 2 ) : 145 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• SHAYER , M. 1970 . ‘How to assess science courses’ . Education in Chemistry , 7 ( 5 ) : 182 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• SHAYER , M. , KUCHEMANN , D. E. and WYLAM , A. 1976 . ‘The distribution of Piagetian stages of thinking in British middle and secondary school children’ . Br. J. Educ. Psychol. , 46 : 164 – 73 . The type of survey research being undertaken in this country is reported in
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUCKWORTH , E. 1972 . ‘Thehavingof wonderful ideas’ . Harv. Educ. Rev. , 42 ( 2 ) : 217 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar