Should Classroom Observation be Quantitative?

References

• ADAMS , R. M. and MARKLEY , R. P. Behaviour Sampling Methods Based on Time: A Review and an Assessment of Validity by Computer Simulation . Paper presented at Animal Behaviour Society Meeting . June 1977 .
   Google Scholar
• ALDRICH‐BLAKE , F. P. G. 1970 . “ ‘Problems of social structure in forest monkeys.’ ” . In Social Behaviour of Birds and Mammals , Edited by: CROOK , J. H. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• ALEXANDER , D. J. 1974 . Nuffield Secondary Science: An Evaluation , Schools Council Research Series London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• ALTMANN , J. 1974 . ‘Observational study of behaviour: sampling methods’ . Behaviour , 49 : 227 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN , M. , SOLOMON , H. and STEPHENS , M. A. 1977 . ‘Estimation of parameters of One‐Zero processes by interval sampling’ . Operations Research , 25 : 493 – 505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONNOLLY , K. and SMITH , P. K. 1972 . “ ‘Reactions of preschool children to a strange observer.’ ” . In Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour , Edited by: BLURTONJONES , N. G. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• COOPER , E. S. , COSTELLO , A. J. , DOUGLAS , J. W. B. and INGLEBY , J. D. 1974 . ‘Direct observation?’ . Bull. Br. Psychol Soc. , 27 : 3 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• DELAMONT , S. 1976 . Interaction in the Classroom , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• DELAMONT , S. and HAMILTON , D. 1976 . “ ‘Classroom research: a critique and a new approach.’ ” . In Exploration in Classroom Observation , Edited by: STUBBS , M. and DELAMONT , S. London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• DREYFUS , A. and EGGLESTON , J. F. 1979 . ‘Classroom transactions of student‐teachers of science’ . Eur. J. Sci. Educ. , 1 : 315 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• DUNBAR , R. I. M. 1976 . ‘Some aspects of research design and their implications in the observational study of behaviour’ . Behaviour , 58 : 78 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNKERTON , J. 1980 . Is classroom observation quantitative? , University of Warwick . MEd thesis
   Google Scholar
• DUNKIN , M. J. and BIDDLE , B. J. 1974 . The Study of Teaching , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
   Google Scholar
• EGGLESTON , J. F. , GALTON , M. J. and JONES , M. 1975 . Final Report of the Schools Council Project for the Evaluation of Science Teaching , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• FLANDERS , N. 1970 . Analysing Teacher Behaviour , Reading, Mass. : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• GALTON , M. J. 1978 . British Mirrors: A Collection of Classroom Observation Systems , University of Leicester, School of Education .
   Google Scholar
• GALTON , M. J. 1979 . ‘Systematic classroom observation: British research’ . Educ. Res. , 21 : 109 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARNER , J. 1972 . ‘Some aspects of behaviour in infant school classrooms’ . Res. in Educ , 7 : 28 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• GARNER , J. and BING , M. 1973 . ‘Inequalities of teacher‐pupil contacts’ . Br. J. Educ. Psychol. , 43 : 234 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GELLERT , E. 1955 . ‘Systematic observation: A method in child study’ . Harv. Educ. Rev. , 25 : 179 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMILTON , D. and DELAMONT , S. 1974 . ‘Classroom research: a cautionary tale’ . Res. in Educ , 11 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• HARGREAVES , D. 1972 . Interpersonal Relations and Education , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• HARROP , L. A. 1979 . ‘Unreliability of classroom observation’ . Educ. Res. , 21 : 207 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARTSHORNE , H. and MAY , M. A. 1928 . Studies in Service and Self‐control , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• HARTSHORNE , H. , MAY , M. A. and MALLER , J. B. 1929 . Studies in the Nature of Character. 2. Studies in the Nature of Character. 2. Studies in Service and Self‐control , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• HUTT , S. J. and HUTT , C. , eds. 1970 . Direct Observation and Measurement of Behaviour , Springfield : Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• JACKSON , P. W. and LAHADERNE , H. M. 1967 . ‘Inequalities of teacher‐pupil contacts’ . Psychology in the Schools , 4 ( 3 ) : 204 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEDLEY , D. M. and MITZEL , H. E. 1967 . “ ‘Measuring classroom behaviour by systematic observation.’ ” . In Handbook of Research on Teaching , Edited by: GAGE , N. L. Chicago : Rand‐McNally .
   Google Scholar
• McINTYRE , D. and MACLEOD , G. 1978 . “ ‘The characteristics and use of systematic classroom observations.’ ” . In Understanding Classroom Life , Edited by: HAMILTON , D. and McALEESE , R. Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• McINTYRE , D. , McKNIGHT , P. and WHITE , D. 1977 . “ ‘An instrument for the diagnostic assessment of students’ microteaching behaviour.’ ” . In Investigations in Microteaching , Edited by: McINTYRE , D. , GRIFFITHS , R. and MACLEOD , G. London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• MORRISON , A. 1975 . “ ‘Teacher centred strategies in interaction research.’ ” . In Frontiers of Classroom Research , Edited by: CHANAN , G. and DELAMONT , D. Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• NASH , R. 1973 . Classrooms Observed , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• OMARK , D. R. , FIEDLER , M. L. and MARVIN , R. S. 1976 . ‘Dominance hierarchies: observational techniques applied to the study of children at play’ . Instructional Science , 5 : 403 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POWELL , J. , MARTINDALE , A. and KULP , S. 1975 . ‘An evaluation of time sample measures of behaviour’ . J. Appl. Behav. Anal. , 8 : 463 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POWELL , I. , MARTINDALE , B. , KULP , S. , MARTIN‐DALE , A. and BAUMAN , R. 1977 . Taking a closer look: time sampling and measurement error’ . J. Appl. Behav. Anal , 10 : 325 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICHER , J. 1975 . ‘Two types of agreement–two types of psychology’ . Bull. Br. Psychol Soc. , 28 : 342 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• ROSENSHINE , B. and FURST , N. 1973 . “ The use of direct observation to study teaching.’ ” . In Second Handbook on Research in Teaching , Edited by: TRAVERS , M. W. Chicago : Rand‐McNally .
   Google Scholar
• ROSENWEIG , S. 1948 . “ ‘Investigating and appraising personality.’ ” . In Methods of Psychology , Edited by: ANDREWS , T. G. New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• SILVERS , R. J. 1977 . “ ‘Appearances: a videographic study of children's culture.’ ” . In School Experience , Edited by: WOODS , P. and HAMMERSELY , M. London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• SIMON , A. and BOYER , E. G. 1975 . Mirrors for Behaviour III–An Anthology of Classroom Observation Instruments , Philadelphia : Research for Better Schools Inc .
   Google Scholar
• SLATER , P. J. B. 1978 . “ ‘Data collection,’ ” . In Quantitative Ethology , Edited by: COLGAN , P. London : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• SYLVA , K. , ROY , C. and PAINTER , M. 1980 . Child Watching at Playgroup and Nursery School , New York : Grant McIntyre .
   Google Scholar
• TYLER , S. 1979 . Time sampling: a matter of convention‘ . Anim. Behav. , 27 : 801 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALKER , R. and ADELMAN , C. 1975 . A Guide to Classroom Observation , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• WRAGG , E. 1975 . “ ‘The first generation of British interaction studies.’ ” . In Frontiers of Classroom Research , Edited by: CHANAN , G. and DELAMONT , S. Slough : NFER .
   Google Scholar
• WRAGG , E. , OATES , J. and GUMP , P. 1976 . Classroom Interaction , Milton Keynes : Open University . E201
   Google Scholar