Ageing and activity: their effects on the functional reserve capacities of the heart and vascular smooth and skeletal muscles

References

• Anker , S. D. , Chua , T. P. Ponikowsk , I. P. 1997 . Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia . Circulation , 96 : 526 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley , Z. 1997 . The phenotypic properties of dynamically trained skeletal muscles , University of Leeds . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Askew , G. N. , Cox , V. M. , Altringham , J. D. and Goldspink , D. F. 2002 . Mechanical properties of the latissimus dorsi muscle after cyclical training . Journal of Applied Physiology , 93 : 649 – 659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barazzoni , R. , Short , K. R. and Nair , K. S. 2000 . Effects of aging on mitochondrial DNA copy number and cytochrome c oxidase gene expression in rat skeletal muscle, liver, and heart . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 275 : 3343 – 3347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller , A. J. , Eccles , J. C. and Eccles , R. M. 1960 . Interactions between motoneurones and muscles in respect of the characteristic speeds of their responses . Journal of Physiology , 150 : 417 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chantler , P. D. , Clements , R. E. , Sharp , L. , Tan , L. -B. and Goldspink , D. F. 2004 . Cardiac power output in ageing sedentary and endurance trained men . Journal of Physiology , 555P : C120
   Google Scholar
• Chantler , P. D. , Clements , R. E. , Sharp , L. , George , K. P. , Tan , L. -B. and Goldspink , D. F. in press . The influence of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function . American Journal of Physiology (Heart & Circulatory) , 2005
   Google Scholar
• Conley , K. E. , Jubrias , S. A. and Esselman , P. E. 2000 . Oxidative capacity and aging in human muscle . Journal of Physiology , 526 : 203 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , G. A. , Marshall , P. Al-Timman , J. K. 1998 . Physiological cardiac reserve: development of a non-invasive method and first estimates in man . Heart , 79 : 289 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter , G. , Williams , S. G. and Tan , B. -L. 2003 . The role of cardiac power in heart failure . Current Opinions in Cardiology , 18 : 215 – 222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , V. M. , Williams , P. E. Wright , H. 2000 . Growth induced by incremental static stretch in adult rabbit latissimus dorsi muscle . Experimental Physiology , 85 : 193 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'alessio , P. 2004 . Aging and the endothelium . Experimental Gerontology , 39 : 165 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinenno , F. A. , Jones , P. P. , Seals , D. R. and Tanaka , A. H. 1999 . Limb blood flow and vascular conductance are reduced with age in healthy humans: relation to elevations in sympathetic nerve activity and declines in oxygen demand . Circulation , 100 : 164 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinenno , F. , Tanaka , H. , Stauffer , B. and Seals , D. R. 2001 . Reductions in the basal limb blood flow and vascular conductance with human aging: role for augmented α-adrenergic vasoconstriction . Journal of Physiology , 536 : 977 – 983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty , T. J. 2003 . Ageing and sarcopenia . Journal of Applied Physiology , 95 : 1717 – 1727 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , S. , Tran , B. T. and New , G. 1998 . Continuous release of vasodilator prostanoids contributes to regulation of resting forearm blood flow in humans . American Journal of Physiology , 274 : H1174 – H1183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehsani , A. A. , Ogawa , T. , Miller , T. R. , Spina , R. J. and Jilka , S. M. 1991 . Exercise training improves left ventricular systolic function in older men . Circulation , 83 : 96 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einsiedel , L. J. and Luff , A. R. 1992 . Alterations in the contractile properties of motor units within the ageing rat medial gastrocnemius . Journal of Neurological Sciences , 112 : 170 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison , E. M. , Tan , L. B. , Cable , N. T. and Goldspink , D. F. 2003 . Skeletal muscle regeneration following catecholamine-induced injury . Journal of Physiology , 548 : 69P
   Google Scholar
• Erikssen , E. 2001 . Physical fitness and changes in mortality . Sports Medicine , 31 : 571 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysmann , S. B. , Gervino , E. , Vatner , D. E. , Katz , S. E. , Decker , L. and Douglas , P. S. 1996 . Prolonged exercise alters β-adrenergic responsiveness in healthy sedentary subjects . Journal of Physiology , 80 : 616 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , S. W. 1998 . Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness levels and other predictors on cardiovascular disease mortality in men . Medical Science and Sports Exercise , 30 : 899 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frontera , W. R. , Hughes , V. A. , Fielding , R. A. , Fiatarone , M. A. , Evans , W. J. and Roubenoff , R. 2000 . Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-year longitudinal study . Journal of Physiology , 88 : 1321 – 1326 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldspink , D. F. 1991 . Exercise-related changes in protein turnover in mammalian striated muscle . Journal of Experimental Biology , 160 : 127 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldspink , D. F. , Cox , V. M. Smith , S. K. 1995 . Muscle growth in response to mechanical stimuli . American Journal of Physiology , 268 : E288 – E297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldspink , D. F. , Burniston , J. G. and Tan , L. -B. 2003 . Cardiomyocyte death and the ageing and failing heart . Experimental Physiology , 88 : 447 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldspink , G. 1999 . Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload . Journal of Anatomy , 194 : 323 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grounds , M. D. , White , J. D. , Rosenthal , N. and Bogoyevitch , M. A. 2002 . The role of stem cells in skeletal and cardiac muscle repair . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 50 : 589 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harridge , S. , Magnusson , G. and Saltin , B. 1997 . Life-long endurance-trained elderly men have high aerobic power, but have similar muscle strength to non-active elderly men . Aging Clinical and Experimental Research , 9 : 80 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harridge , S. R. , Kryger , A. and Stensgaard , A. 1999 . Knee extensor strength, activation, and the size in very elderly people following strength training . Muscle and Nerve , 22 : 831 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harridge , S. D.R. 2003 . Ageing and local growth factors in muscle . Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sports Science , 13 : 34 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , M. and Goldspink , G. 2003 . Expression and splicing of the insulin-like growth factor gene in rodent muscle is associated with muscle satellite (stem) cell activation following local tissue damage . Journal of Physiology , 549 : 409 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. , Haendeler , J. Aisher , A. 2001 . Aging enhances the sensitivity of endothelial cells towards apoptotic stimuli: important role of nitric oxide . Circulation Research , 89 : 709 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hook , P. , Xiaopeng , L. , Sleep , J. , Hughes , S. and Larsson , L. 1999 . In vitro motility speed of slow myosin extracted from single soleus fibres from young and old rats . Journal of Physiology , 520 : 463 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , B. E. , Davy , K. P. Jones , P. P. 1998 . Role of central circulatory factors in the fat-free mass-maximal aerobic capacity relation across age . American Journal of Physiology , 275 : H1178 – H1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , B. , Farquhar , W. and Taylor , J. 2001 . Does reduced vascular stiffening fully explain preserved cardiovagal function in older, physically active men . Circulation , 103 : 2424 – 2427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , S. K. , Thompson , M. W. Ruell , P. A . 1999 . Human skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and muscle function with aging and strength training . Journal of Applied Physiology , 86 : 1858 – 1865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , R. S. , Young , I. S. , Cox , V. M. , Goldspink , D. F. and Altringham , J. D. 1996 . Isometric and isotonic muscle properties as determinants of work loop power output . Pflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology , 432 : 767 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , R. S. , Cox , V. M. , Young , I. S. , Altringham , J. D. and Goldspink , D. F. 1997 . Mechanical properties of rabbit latissimus dorsi muscle after stretch and/or electrical stimulation . Journal of Applied Physiology , 83 : 398 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubrias , S. A. , Odderson , I. R. , Esselman , P. C. and Conley , K. E. 1997 . Decline in isokinetic force with age: muscle cross-sectional area and specific force . Pflugers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology , 434 : 246 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubrias , S. , Esselman , P. C. , Price , L. B. , Cress , M. E. and Conley , K. E. 2001 . Large energetic adaptations of elderly muscle to resistance and endurance training . Journal of Applied Physiology , 90 : 1663 – 1670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajstura , J. , Cheng , W. Sarangarajan , R. 1996 . Necrotic and apoptotic myocyte cell death in the aging heart of Fischer 344 rats . American Journal of Physiology , 271 : H1215 – H1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent-Braun , J. A. and Ng , A. V. 1999 . Specific strength and voluntary muscle activation in young and elderly women and men . Journal of Applied Physiology , 87 : 22 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatta , E. G. 1989 . Arterial pressure and aging . International Journal of Cardiology , 25 : S81 – S89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatta , E. G. 1999 . Cardiovascular aging research: the next horizons . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 47 : 613 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakatta , E. 2002 . Age-associated cardiovascular changes in health: impact or cardiovascular disease in older persons . Heart Failure Review , 7 : 29 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennon , S. L. , Quindry , J. Hamilton , K. L. 2004 . Loss of exercise-induced cardioprotection after cessation of exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 96 : 1299 – 1305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. E.M. , Kelly , F. J. and Goldspink , D. F. 1984 . Pre- and post-natal growth and protein turnover in smooth muscle, heart and slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of the rat . Biochemical Journal , 217 : 517 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. E.M. , Goldspink , D. F. , Merry , B. J. and Phillips , J. 1985 . The effects of ageing and chronic dietary restriction on whole body growth and protein turnover in the rat . Experimental Gerontology , 20 : 253 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lompre , A. 1998 . The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases in the cardiovascular system during growth and proliferation . Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine , 8 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , G. D. , Paterson , D. H. , Govindasamy , D. and Cunningham , D. A. 1999 . Anaerobic power of the arms and legs of young and older men . Experimental Physiology , 84 : 589 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , P. , Al Timman , J. Reilly , R. 2001 . Randomized controlled trial of home-based exercise training to evaluate cardiac functional gains . Clinical Science , 101 : 477 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , H. L. , Loomis , J. L. and Kenney , W. L. 1995 . Maximal skin vascular conductance in subjects aged 5–85 years old . Journal of Applied Physiology , 79 : 297 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal-Ginard , B. , Kajstura , J. , Leri , A. and Anversa , P. 2003 . Myocyte death, and regeneration in cardiac hypertrophy and failure . Circulation Research , 92 : 139 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neder , J. A. , Nery , L. E. , Silva , A. C. , Andreoni , S. and Whipp , B. J. 1999 . Maximal aerobic power and leg muscle mass and strength related to age in non-athletic males and females . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 79 : 522 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng , Y. , Goldspink , D. F. , Burniston , J. G. , Clark , W. A. , Colyer , J. C. and Tan , L. -B. 2002 . Characterisation of isoprenaline myotoxicity on slow–twitch skeletal versus cardiac muscle . International Journal of Cardiology , 86 : 299 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholl , D. P. and Reilly , M. S. 2001 . Measuring cardiac power output: the acid test . European Heart Journal , 22 : 1368 – 1370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivetti , G. , Giordano , G. Corradi , D. 1995 . Gender differences and aging: effects on the human heart . Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 26 : 1068 – 1079 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osbaldeston , N. J. , Lee , D. M. Cox , V. M. 1995 . The temporal and cellular expression of c-fos and c-jun in mechanically stimulated rabbit latissimus dorsi muscle . Biochemical Journal , 308 : 465 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , S. J. , Young , A. Macaluso , A. 2002 . Muscle function in elite master weightlifters . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 34 : 1199 – 1206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pette , D. and Simoneau , J. -A. 1990 . Chronic stimulation-induced alterations in phenotype expression and functional properties of skeletal muscle. Transformed Muscle for Cardiac Assist and Repair , Edited by: Chiu , R. C.-J. and Bourgeois , I. M . 129 – 138 . New York : Futura .
   Google Scholar
• Pimentel , A. E. , Gentile , C. L. , Tanaka , H. , Seals , D. R. and Gates , P. E. 2003 . Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men . Journal of Applied Physiology , 94 : 2406 – 2413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh , K. G. and Wei , J. Y. 2001 . Clinical implications of physiological changes in the aging heart . Drugs and Aging , 18 : 263 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. , Waterhouse , J. and Atkinson , G. 1997 . Aging, rhythms of physical performance, and adjustment to changes in the sleep–activity cycle . Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 54 : 812 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renault , V. , Thorne , L. -E. , Eriksson , P. -O. , Butler-Brown , G. and Mouly , V. 2002 . Regenerative potential of human skeletal muscle during aging . Aging Cell , 1 : 131 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmons , S. and Jarvis , J. C. 1990 . The working capacity of skeletal muscle transformed for use in a cardiac assist role. Transformed Muscle for Cardiac Assist and Repair , Edited by: Chiu , R. C.-J. and Bourgeois , I. M. 89 – 104 . New York : Futura .
   Google Scholar
• Schulman , S. P. , Fleg , J. L. Goldberg , A. P. 1996 . Continuum of cardiovascular performance across a broad range of fitness levels in healthy older men . Circulation , 94 : 359 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seals , D. R. 2003 . Habitual exercise and the age-associated decline in large artery compliance . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 31 : 68 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semmler , J. G. , Steege , J. W. , Kornatz , K. W. and Enoka , R. M. 2000 . Motor unit synchronisation is not responsible for larger motor unit forces in old adults . Journal of Neurophysiology , 84 : 358 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , N. , Prasad , S. , Singer , D. R.J. and MacCallister , J. 2002 . Ageing is associated with impairment of nitric oxide and prostanoid dilator pathways in the human forearm . Clinical Science , 102 : 595 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S. A. , Montain , S. J. , Matott , R. P. , Zientara , G. P. , Jolesz , F. A. and Fielding , R. A. 1998 . Creatine supplementation and age influence muscle metabolism during exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 85 : 1349 – 1356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreter , F. A. , Gergely , Y. and Salmons , S. 1973 . Synthesis by fast muscle of myosin light chains characteristic of slow muscle in response to long-term stimulation . Nature New Biology , 241 : 17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stratton , J. R. , Levy , W. C. , Cerqueira , M. D. , Schwartz , R. S. and Abrass , I. B. 1994 . Cardiovascular responses to exercise. Effects of aging and exercise training in healthy men . Circulation , 89 : 1648 – 1655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman , M. A. and Anversa , P. 2004 . Myocardial aging and senescence. Where have the stem cells gone . Annual Review of Physiology , 66 : 29 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , L. -B. , Burniston , J. G. , Ng , Y. , Clark , W. A. and Goldspink , D. F. 2003 . Characterisation of adrenoceptor involvement in skeletal and cardiac myotoxicity induced by sympathomimetic agents: towards a new bio-assay for β-blockers . Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology , 41 : 518 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka , H. , Dinenno , K. , Monahan , K. , Clevenger , C. , Desouza , C. and Seals , D. 2000 . Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance . Circulation , 102 : 1270 – 1275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuite , D. J. , Renstrom , P. A.F.H. and O'brien , M. 1997 . The aging tendon . Scandinavian Journal of Medical Science and Sports , 7 : 72 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinert , B. T. and Timiras , P. S. 2003 . Physiology of aging . Journal of Applied Physiology , 95 : 1706 – 1716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojcik , L. A. , Thelen , D. G. , Schultz , A. B. , Ashton-Miller , J. A. and Alexander , N. B. 1999 . Age and gender differences in single-step recovery from a forward fall . Journal of Gerontology , 54 : M44 – M50 .
   Google Scholar