Changes in neck muscle electromyography and forward head posture of children when carrying schoolbags

References

• Adkin , A. L. 2000 . Postural control is scaled to level of postural threat . Gait Posture , 12 : 87 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babski-Reeves , K. , Stanfield , J. and Hughes , L. 2005 . Assessment of video display workstation set up on risk factors associated with the development of low back and neck discomfort . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 35 : 593 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balague , F. , Troussier , B. and Salminen , J. J. 1999 . Non-specific low back pain in children and adolescents: risk factors . European Spine Journal , 8 : 429 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobet , J. and Norman , R. W. 1984 . Effects of load placement on back muscle activity in load carriage . European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology , 53 : 71 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattberg , G. 2004 . Do pain problems in young school children persist into early adulthood? A 13‐year follow-up . European Journal of Pain , 8 : 187 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun , B. L. 1991 . Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and craniofacial pain patients . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 72 : 653 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , A. K. 2006 . Chapter 2. European guidelines for prevention in low back pain: November 2004 . European Spine Journal , 15 ( Suppl 2 ) : S136 – S168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardon , G. and Balague , F. 2004 . Backpacks and spinal disorders in school children . Europa Medicophysica , 40 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chansirinukor , W. 2001 . Effects of backpacks on students: measurement of cervical and shoulder posture . Australian Journal of Physiotherapy , 47 : 110 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie , C. J. and Scott , P. A. 2005 . Metabolic responses of South African soldiers during simulated marching with 16 combinations of speed and backpack load . Military Medicine , 170 : 619 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottalorda , J. , Bourelle , S. and Gautheron , V. 2004 . Effects of backpack carrying in children . Orthopedics , 27 : 1172 – 1175 . quiz 76–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cram J. Kasman G. Holtz J Introduction of surface electromyography Aspen Publishers Gaithersburg, MD 1998
   Google Scholar
• Cureton , T. 1941 . Bodily posture as an indicator of fitness . Research Quarterly , 12 : 348 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Di Palma , L. , Ferrantelli , P. and Medici , F. 2005 . Heavy metals extraction from contaminated soil: recovery of the flushing solution . Journal of Environmental Management , 77 : 205 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabris , D. 2004 . The surgical treatment of adult lumbar scoliosis . Chirurgia Narzadow Ruchui Ortopedia Polska , 69 : 279 – 285 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas , C. 2005 . Forward head posture and neck mobility in chronic tension-type headache: A blinded, controlled study . Cephalalgia , 26 : 314 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiolkowski , P. 2006 . Changes in gait kinematics and posture with the use of a front pack . Ergonomics , 49 : 885 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher C. The new complete walker Alfred Knopf New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Goh , J. H. , Thambyah , A. and Bose , K. 1998 . Effects of varying backpack loads on peak forces in the lumbosacral spine during walking . Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) , 13 : S26 – S31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griegel-Morris , P. 1992 . Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder, and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy subjects . Physical Therapy , 72 : 425 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , K. , Nyland , L. and Milanese , S. 2006 . Repeated measures of recent headache, neck and upper back pain in Australian adolescents . Cephalalgia , 26 : 843 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmer , K. and Williams , M. 2000 . Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain . Applied Ergonomics , 31 : 343 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms-Ringdahl , K. and Ekholm , J. 1986 . Intensity and character of pain and muscular activity levels elicited by maintained extreme flexion position of the lower-cervical-upper-thoracic spine . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 18 : 117 – 126 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haughie , L. , Fiebert , I. and Roach , K. 1995 . Relationship of forward head posture and cervical backward bending to neck pain . Journal of Manual Manipulative Therapy , 3 : 91 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Jull , G. 2002 . A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache . Spine , 27 : 1835 – 1843; . discussion 43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall F. P. et al. Muscles: Testing and function, with posture and pain Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, MD 2005
   Google Scholar
• Knapik , J. J. 1997 . Soldier performance and strenuous road marching: influence of load mass and load distribution . Military Medicine , 162 : 62 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik , J. J. , Reynolds , K. L. and Harman , E. 2004 . Soldier load carriage: historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects . Military Medicine , 169 : 45 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korovessis , P. 2005 . Backpacks, back pain, sagittal spinal curves and trunk alignment in adolescents: a logistic and multinomial logistic analysis . Spine , 30 : 247 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limon , S. , Valinsky , L. J. and Ben-Shalom , Y. 2004 . Children at risk: risk factors for low back pain in the elementary school environment . Spine , 29 : 697 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaig , R. H. and Gooderson , C. Y. 1986 . Ergonomic and physiological aspects of military operations in a cold wet climate . Ergonomics , 29 : 849 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie R. Treat your own neck Spinal Publications Raumati Beach, , New Zealand 2006
   Google Scholar
• Meuwly , J. Y. and Gudinchet , F. 2004 . Sonography of the thoracic and abdominal walls . Journal of Clinical Ultrasound , 32 : 500 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheli , L. J. and Fehlandt , A. F. Jr . 1992 . Overuse injuries to tendons and apophyses in children and adolescents . Clinics in Sports Medicine , 11 : 713 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihelj , M. , Matjacic , Z. and Bajd , T. 2000 . Postural activity of constrained subject in response to disturbance in sagittal plane . Gait Posture , 12 : 94 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , M. K. 2004 . Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache . Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics , 27 : 414 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morningstar , M. , Strauchman , M. and Gilmour , G. 2004 . Idiopathic scoliosis treatment using the pettibon corrective procedures: A case report . Journal of Chiropractic Medicine , 3 : 96 – 103 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motmans , R. R. , Tomlow , S. and Vissers , D. 2006 . Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags . Ergonomics , 49 : 127 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrray , M. 1985 . Treadmill versus floor walking: kinematics, electromyogram, and heart rate . Journal of Applied Physiology , 59 : 87 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini , S. and Negrini , A. 2007 . Postural effects of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads on the spines of schoolchildren . Scoliosis , 2 : 8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascoe , D. D. 1997 . Influence of carrying book bags on gait cycle and posture of youths . Ergonomics , 40 : 631 – 641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , B. W. 1985 . Cervicocollic reflex: its dynamic properties and interaction with vestibular reflexes . Journal of Neurophysiology , 54 : 90 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine , S. and Twomey , L. T. 1997 . Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 78 : 1215 – 1223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland T Developmental exercise physiology Human Kinetics Champaign 1996
   Google Scholar
• Sheir-Neiss , G. I. 2003 . The association of backpack use and back pain in adolescents . Spine , 28 : 922 – 930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaggs , D. L. 2006 . Back pain and backpacks in school children . Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics , 26 : 358 – 363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gent , C. 2003 . The weight of schoolbags and the occurrence of neck, shoulder, and back pain in young adolescents . Spine , 28 : 916 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittfield , J. K. , Legg , S. J. and Hedderley , D. I. 2001 . The weight and use of schoolbags in New Zealand secondary schools . Ergonomics , 44 : 819 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , V. J. 1995 . The vestibulocollic reflex . Journal of Vestibular Research , 5 : 147 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo , W. G. , Yi , C. H. and Kim , M. H. 2006 . Effects of a proximity-sensing feedback chair on head, shoulder, and trunk postures when working at a visual display terminal . Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation , 16 : 631 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar