References
- Alter , M. J. 1996 . Science of flexibility , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
- American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons . 1965 . Joint motion; method of measuring and recording , Chicago, IL : American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons .
- American Medical Association . 1993 . Guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment , 4th ed , Chicago, IL : American Medical Association .
- Arner , P. 1997 . Regional adiposity in man . Journal of Endocrinology , 155 ( 2 ) : 191 – 192 .
- Badley , E. M. , Wagstaff , S. and Wood , P. H.N. 1984 . Measures of functional ability (disability) in arthritis in relation to impairment of joint motion . Annals of Rheumatic Diseases , 43 : 563 – 569 .
- Baskin , M. L. 2005 . Prevalence of obesity in the United States . Obesity Reviews , 6 : 5 – 7 .
- Bernstein , N. 1967 . The coordination and regulation of movements , New York : Pergamon .
- Buckwalter , J. A. 1997 . Decreased mobility in the elderly: the exercise antidote . Physical and Sports Medicine , 25 : 126 – 133 .
- Chaffin , D. B. , Anderson , G. B.J. and Martin , B. J. 2006 . Occupational biomechanics , 4th ed , New York : John Wiley and Sons, Inc .
- Doriot , N. and Wang , X. 2006 . Effects of age and gender on maximum voluntary range of motion of the upper body joints . Ergonomics , 49 : 269 – 281 .
- Escalante , A. , Lichtenstein , M. J. and Hazuda , H. P. 1999a . Determinants of shoulder and elbow flexion range: results from the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging . The American College of Rheumatology , 12 ( 4 ) : 277 – 286 .
- Escalante , A. 1999b . Determinants of hip and knee flexion range: results from the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging . The American College of Rheumatology , 12 ( 1 ) : 8 – 18 .
- Feipel , V. 1999 . Normal global motion of the cervical spine: an electrogoniometric study . Clinical Biomechanics , 14 : 462 – 470 .
- Ferrario , V. F. 2002 . Active range of motion of head and cervical spine: a three-dimensional investigation in healthy young adults . Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 20 : 122 – 129 .
- Flegal , K. M. 2002 . Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 : 1723 – 1727 .
- Gilleard , W. and Smith , T. 2007 . Effect of obesity on posture and hip joint moments during a standing task, and trunk forward flexion motion . International Journal of Obesity , 31 ( 2 ) : 267 – 271 .
- Hertz , R. P. 2004 . The impact of obesity on work limitations and cardiovascular risk factors in the U.S. workforce . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 46 ( 12 ) : 1196 – 1203 .
- Hu , H. 2006 . Measurements of voluntary joint range of motion of the Chinese elderly living in Beijing area by a photographic method . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 36 : 861 – 867 .
- Jebb , S. A. and Moore , M. S. 1999 . Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 31 : S534 – S541 .
- Kaplan , M. S. 2003 . Prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among older adults: findings from the Canadian National Population Health Survey . Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences , 58 : 1018 – 1030 .
- Kee , D. and Karwowski , W. 2002 . Analytically derived three-dimensional reach volumes based on multijoint movements . Human Factors , 44 : 530 – 544 .
- Kottke , F. J. 1965 . Deterioration of the bedfast patient, causes and effects . Public Health Reports , 80 : 437 – 451 .
- Kuhlman , K. A. 1993 . Cervical range of motion in the elderly . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 74 : 1071 – 1079 .
- Kvaaik , E. , Tell , G. S. and Klepp , K. I. 2003 . Predictors and tracking of body mass index from adolescence into adulthood: follow-up of 18–20 years in the Oslo Youth Study . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 157 : 1212 – 1218 .
- Larsson , U. E. and Mattsson , E. 2001 . Functional limitation linked to high body mass index, age and current pain in obese women . International Journal of Obesity , 25 : 893 – 899 .
- Laubuch , L. L. 1969 . Body composition in relation to muscle strength and range of motion . Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 9 ( 5 ) : 89 – 97 .
- McGill , S. M. , Yingling , V. R. and Peach , J. P. 1998 . Three-dimensional kinematics and trunk muscle myoelectric activity . Clinical Biomechanics , 14 : 389 – 395 .
- Mokdad , A. H. 1999 . The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998 . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 : 1519 – 1522 .
- Murray , M. P. 1985 . Shoulder motion and muscle strength of normal men and women in two age groups . Clinical Orthopedics , 198 : 268 – 273 .
- Reese , N. B. and Bandy , W. D. 2002 . Joint range of motion and muscle length testing , Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Sanders Company .
- Sforza , C. 2002 . Three-dimensional analysis of active head and cervical spine range of motion: effect of age in healthy male subjects . Clinical Biomechanics , 17 ( 8 ) : 611 – 614 .
- Stubbs , N. B. , Fernandez , J. E. and Glenn , W. M. 1993 . Normative data on joint ranges of motion of 25- to 54-year-old males . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 12 : 265 – 272 .
- Torén , A. 2001 . Muscle activity and range of motion during active trunk rotation in a sitting posture . Applied Ergonomics , 32 ( 6 ) : 583 – 591 .
- Verbrugge , L. M. and Jette , A. M. 1994 . The disablement process in the elderly spine: a database compared to young people . Social Science and Medicine , 38 : 1 – 14 .
- Yamakawa , K. 2004 . Relationship between ambulation and obesity in older persons with and without low back pain . International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity , 28 : 137 – 143 .
- Zhang , X. 2005 . A normative database of thumb circumduction in vivo: center of rotation and range of motion . Human Factors , 47 ( 3 ) : 550 – 561 .