Load moments and myoelectric activity when the cervical spine is held in full flexion and extension

References

• ANDERSSON , G.B.J. , ORTENGREN , R. , NACHEMSON , A. , and ELFSTROM , G. , 1974 , Lumbar disc pressure and myoelectric back muscle activity during sitting . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 3 , 104 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• ARNOLDI , C. G. , REINMAN , I. , MORTENSEN , S. , CHRISTENSEN , S. B. , KRISTOFFERSEN , J. , SONNICHSEN , HT. TV. , and SMITH , M. , 1980 , The effect of joint position on juxta-articular bone marrow pressure . Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica , 51 , 893 – 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BENDIX , T. , and HAGBERG , M. , 1984 , Trunk posture and load on the trapezius muscle whilst sitting at a sloping desk . ERGONOMICS , 27 , 873 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BJORKSTEN , M. , and JONSSON , B. , 1977 , Endurance limit of force in longterm intermittent static contractions . Scandinavian Journal of Environment and Health , 3 , 23 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRODIN , H. , 1977 , Extreme positions of joints . Europa Medico Physica , 2 , 49 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• DEMPSTER , W. T. , 1955 , Space requirements of seated operator . WADC-TR-55-159 , Wright Patterson Air Force Base .
   Google Scholar
• EKHOLM , J. , EKLUND , G. , and SKOGLUND , S. , 1960 , On the reflex effects from the knee joint of the cat . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 50 , 167 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EKHOLM , J. , ARBORELIUS , U. P. , NEMETH , G. , SCHOLDT , K. , HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , NISELL , R. , and SVENSSON , O. , 1983 a , Effects of load reduction measures upon the locomotor system during standing and sitting work t. Research Report to Swedish Work Environment Fund, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm ( in Swedish ).
   Google Scholar
• EKHOLM , J. , SCHOLDT , K. , HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , ARBORELIUS , U. P. , and NEMETH , G. , 1983 b , Effects of ergonomic aids upon the level of static neck muscular activity during sedentary work . Abstract of First European Conference on Research in Rehabilitation , Edinburgh , p. 20.
   Google Scholar
• FOUNTAIN , F. P. , MINEAR , W. L. , and ALLISON , R. D. , 1966 , Function of longus colli and longissimus cervicis muscles in man . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 47 , 665 – 669 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , BRODIN , H. , EKLUND , L. , and BORG , G. , 1983 , Discomfort and pain from loaded passive joint structures . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 15 , 205 – 211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , and EKHOLM , J. , 1985 , Influence of arm position on neck muscular activity levels during flexion-extension movements of the cervical spine . Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Biomechanics, Umea, Sweden. Biomechanics X ( Edited by B. JONSSON and M. HAGBERG ) ( Baltimore UNIVERSITY PARK PRESS ).
   Google Scholar
• HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , and EKHOLM , J. , 1986 , Intensity and character of pain and muscular activity levels elicited by maintained extreme flexion position of the lower-cervical-upper-thoracic spine . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 18 , No. 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HUNTING , W. , GRANDJEAN , E. , and MAEDA , K. , 1980 , Constrained postures in accounting machine operators . Applied Ergonomics , 11 , 145 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KORITKE , G. , and SICK , H. , 1982 , Atlas Anatomischer Schnittbilder ( Munchen-Wien-Baltimore URBAN & SCHWARZENBERG ).
   Google Scholar
• LESS , M. , and EICKELBERG , W. W. B. , 1976 , Force changes in neck vertebrae and muscles . In Biomechanics V-A ( Edited by P. V. KOMI ) ( Baltimore UNIVERSITY PARK PRESS ), pp. 530 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• NEMETH , G-. , 1984 , On hip and lumbar biomechanics. A study of joint load and muscular activity . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , Supplement 10 .
   Google Scholar
• SCHOLDT , K. , EKHOLM , J. , and HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , 1983 , |CtReduction of cervical spine load through posture changes during sedentary work|Ct. |BtAbstract of First European Conference on Research in Rehabilitation|BT, Edinburgh , p. 23 .
   Google Scholar
• SCHOLDT , K. , EKHOLM , J. , HARMS-RINGDAHL , K. , NEMETH , G. , and ARBORELIUS , U. P. , 1986 , Effects of changes in sitting work posture on static neck and shoulder muscle activity . ERGONOMICS , 29 , 1525 – 1537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKI-HE , K. , Vim , M. , and BASMAJIAN , J. V. , 1974 , The functions of semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis muscles An electromyographic study . Anatomical Record , 179 , 477 – 480 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TROISIER , O. , 1979 , La pathologie de la position extreme au niveau lombaire dans les decubitus dorsal et lateral . Annal Medico Physica , 22 , 57 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• VAN WELY , P. , 1969 , Design and disease . Applied Ergonomics , 1 , 262 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vim , M. , FUJIWARA , M. , BASMAJIAN , J. V. ,and IIDA , M. , 1973 , The integrated roles of longus colli and sternocleidomastoid muscles An electromyographic study . Anatomical Record , 111 , 471 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• WERNE , S. , 1957 , Studies in spontaneus atlas dislocation . Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica , Supplement 23 .
   Google Scholar
• WHITE , A. , and PANJABI , M. , 1978 , Clinical Biomechanics of the Spine ( Philadelphia , Toronto LIPPINCOTT ), pp. 61 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• WILLIAMS , M. , and LISSNER , H. , 1962 , Biomechanics of Human Motion ( Philadelphia , London SAUNDERS CO ), pp. 129 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• WORTH , D. R. ,and SELVJK , G. , 1986 , Movements of the crani-vertebral joints . In Modern Manual Therapy , Vol. I ( Edited by G. P. GRIEVE ) ( Edinburgh CHURCHILL-LIVINGSTONE ).
   Google Scholar