Advanced search
Publication Cover
Ergonomics Volume 31, 1988 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
36
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Ergonomics Society The Society's Lecture 1988 FUNCTIONAL LITERACY: READING AND WRITING AT WORK

PATRICIA WRIGHT MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 2EF, UK
Pages 265-290 | Published online: 31 May 2007

References

  • ANDERSON , P. , 1983 , Computers in the cow barn. Boston Globe , 27 June, 35 – 36 .
  • ANDERSON , P. V. , 1985 , What survey research tells us about writing at work . In Writing in Non-academic Settings ( Edited by L. ODELL and D. GOSWAMI ) ( Guilford Press , New York ), pp. 1 – 83 .
  • ANON , 1984 , Health Tehcnicat Memorandum 65 Signs ( HMSO , London ).
  • ATLAS , M. , 1979 , Addressing and audience expert-novice differences in writing . Technical Report 3 , Document Design Center, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA .
  • BADDELEY , A. D. , 1979 , Is the British PhD system obsolete? Bulletin of the British Psychological Society , 32 , 129 – 131 .
  • BARNARD , P. , WILSON , M. , and MACLEAN , A. , 1987 , Approximate modelling of cognitive activity toward an expert system design aid . In Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface ( Edited by J. M. CARROLL and P. TANNER ) ( Association of Computing Machinery , New York ), pp. 21 – 26 .
  • BEARD , R. , and HARTLEY , J. 1984 , Teaching and Learning in Higher Education , 4th edition ( Harper and Row , London ).
  • BECKER , H. S. , 1986 , Writing for Social Scientists How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book or Article ( University of Chicago Press , Chicago ).
  • BEREITER , C. , and SCARDAMALIA , M. , 1987 , The Psychology of Written Composition ( Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs , Hillsdale , NJ ).
  • BRANTHWAJTE , A. , TRUEMAN , M. , and HARTLEY , J. , 1980 , Writing essays the actions and strategies of students . In The Psychology of Written Communication ( Edited by J. HARTLEY )( Kogan Page , London ), pp. 98 – 109 .
  • BRYANT , P. , 1984 , Reading library catalogues and indexes Visible Language , 18 , 142 – 153 .
  • CANTER , D. , 1984 , Way finding and signposting penance or prosthesis? In Information Design ( Edited by R. EASTERBY and H. ZWAGA ) ( John Wiley , Chichester ).
  • CARROLL , J. M. , SMITH-KERKER , P. L. , FORD , J. R. , and MAZUR , S. A. , 1986 , The minimal manual . IBM Research Report, RC 11637 (No. 52295) .
  • CHAPANIS , A. , 1987 , Words, words, words, revisited. International Reviews of Ergonomics , 2 ( in press ).
  • CHERRY , L. L. , and MACDONALD , N. H. , 1983 , The Unix writer's workbench software . BYTE , 8 , 241 – 248 .
  • CLEVELAND , W. S. , 1985 , The Elements of Graphing Data ( Wadsworth Advanced Books and Software , Monterey . CA ).
  • COKE , E. U. , 1982 , Computer aids for writing text . In The Technology of Text ( Edited by D. H. JONASSEN ) ( Educational Technology Publications , Hnglewood Cliffs , NJ ), ch. 19 , pp. 383 – 399 .
  • COLLINS , A. , and GENTNER , D. ( 1980 ), A framework for a cognitive theory of writing . In Cognitive Processes in Writing ( Edited by L. W. GREGG and E. S. STEINBERG ) ( Lawrence Erlbaum Assocs , Hillsdale , NJ ), pp. 51 – 72
  • COSTIGAN-EAVES , P. , 1986 , The history and significance of 'how to' manuals in the development of statistical graphics . Paper presented at the Information Design Conference 3 , December1986. A written version will be published in Information Design Journal
  • COWEN , E. L. , SPINELL , A. , HIGHTOWER , A. D. , and LOTYCZEWSKI , B. S. , 1987 , Author reactions to the manuscript revision process. American Psychologist , 42 , 403 – 405 .
  • CUTTS , M. , and MAHER , C. , 1986 , The Plain English Story ( The Plain English Campaign , Sairord ).
  • DIXON , P. , 1987 , The processing of organizational and component step information in written directions. Journal of Memory and Language , 26 , 24 – 35 .
  • DOBSON , J. L. , 1986 , The assessment and significance of popular literacy in England and Wales since 1940 . In Aspects of Adult Literacy ( Edited by T. PUGH and C VOLKMAR ) ( Goethe-Institut , Munchen ).
  • DUFFY , T M. , 1981 , Organizing and utilizing document design options. Information Design Journal , 2 , 256 – 266 .
  • DUFFY , T. M. , CURRAN , T. E. , and SASS , D. , 1983 , Document design for technical tasks an evaluation. Human Factors , 25 , 143 – 160 .
  • EHRENBERG , A. S. , 1982 , Primer in Data Reduction ( John Wiley , Chichester ).
  • EMJG , J. A. , 1971 , The composing processes of twelfth graders. NCTE Research Report 13 ( National Council for the Teaching of English , Urbana , IL ).
  • EZRA , D. , 1987 , The management of information. Paper presented to the Institute of Scientific and Technical Communicators , November1987 To be published in The Communicator , 1988 .
  • FAIGLEY , L. , 1985 . Non-academic writing the social perspective . In Writing in Non-academic Settings ( Edited by L. ODELL and D. GOSWAMI ) ( Guilford Press , New York ), 231 – 280 .
  • FAIGLEY , L. , and WITTE , S. , 1981 , Analysing revision. College Composition and Communi-cation. 32 , 400 – 114 .
  • FELKER , D. , 1980 , Document Design A Review of the Relevant Research ( American Institutes for Research , Washington , DC ).
  • FLOWER , L. S. , and HAYES , J. R. , 1980 , The dynamics of composing making plans and juggling constraints . In Cognitive Processes in Writing ( Edited by L. W. GREGG and E. R.STEINBERG ) ( Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc , Hillsdale , NJ ), pp. 31 – 50 .
  • FRASE , L. T. , KEIFER , K. E. , Fox , M. L. , SMITH , C. R. , 1985 , Theory and practice in computer ided composition . In The Acquisition of Written Language ( Edited by S. W. FREEDMAN )( Ablex , Norwood , NJ ).
  • GALBRAITH , D. , 1980 , The effect of conflicting goals on writing a case study. Visible Language , 14 , 364 – 375 .
  • GOULD , J. , 1981 , Composing letters with computer based text editors . Human Factors , 23 , 593 – 606 .
  • GRIFFITH , I. , 1987 , How to sell yourself in a competitive market. The Observer , 13 September, 45 .
  • HAAS , C. , NEUWIRTH , C. , and HAYES , J. R. , 1987 , Does word processing improve writing? Communication Design Center Newsletter , 5 , 3 .
  • HAKES , D. T. , and CAIRNS , H. S. , 1970 , Sentence comprehension and relative pronouns. Perception and Psychophysics , 8 , 5 – 8 .
  • HALASZ , F. G. , and MORAN , T. P. , 1982 , Analogy considered harmful. Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems ( Association of Computing Machinery , New York ).
  • HALASZ , F. G. , MORAN , T. P. , and TRIGG , R. H. , 1987 , Notecards in a nutshell . In Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface ( Edited by J. M. CARROLL and P. P. TANNER ) ( Association of Computing Machinery , New York ), pp. 45 – 52 .
  • HARTLEY , J. , 1984 , The role of colleagues and text editing programs in improving text . IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication , 27 , 42 – 44 .
  • HARTLEY , J. , 1985 , Designing Instructional Text , 2nd edition ( Kogan Page , London ).
  • HARTLEY , J. , and KNAPPER , C. K. , 1984 , Academics and their writing. Studies in Higher Education , 9 , 151 – 167 .
  • HAYES , J. R. , 1986 , In this text clear? How knowledge makes it difficult to judge. Paper presented to the American Educational Research Association (AERA)convention , San Francisco , CA .
  • HAYES , J. R. , and FLOWER , L. S. , 1980 , Identifying the organization of writing processes . In Cognitive Processes in Writing ( Edited by L. W. GREGG and E. S. STEINBERG ) ( Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc , Hillsdale , NJ ), pp. 3 – 30 .
  • HAYES , J. R. , and FLOWER , L. S. , 1986 , Writing research and the writer. American Psychologist , 41 , 1106 – 1113 .
  • HEEKS , R. , 1986 , Personal Bibliographic Indexes and their Computerization ( Taylor Graham , London ).
  • HIGHTON , D. , 1986 , Television and basic skills getting beyond the screen . In Aspects of Adult Literacy ( Edited by T. PUGH and C. VOLKMAR ) ( Goelhe-Institut , Munchen ).
  • HUCKIN , T. N. , CURTIN , E. H. , and GRAHAM , D. , 1986 . Prescriptive linguistics and plain English the case of ‘whiz-deletions’ . Visible Language , 20 , 174 – 187 .
  • KELLOG , R. T. , 1987 , Effects of topic knowledge on the allocation of processing time and cognitive effort to writing processes. Memory and Cognition , 15 , 256 – 266 .
  • KIERAS , D. E. , and BOUVAIR , S. , 1984 , The role of a mental model in learning to operate a device. Cognitive Science , 8 , 255 – 273 .
  • KIERAS , D. E. , and DECHERT , C. , 1985 , Rules for comprehensible technical prose a survey of the psycholinguistic literature . Technical Report 21 . University of Michigan .
  • KLARE , G. R. , 1977 , Practical aspects of readability . Monograph available from Textual Communication Research Group , Open University , Milton Keynes .
  • LARKIN , J. H. , and SIMON , H. A. , 1987 , Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science , 11 , 65 – 99 .
  • LAVE , J. A. , 1982 , Comparative approach to educational forms and learning. Anthropology and Education Quarterly , 13 , 177 – 180 .
  • LEFEVRE , J. , and DIXON , P. , 1987 , Do written instructions need examples? Paper submitted for publication .
  • LEVELT , W. P. M. , 1984 , Some perceptual limitations on talking about space . In Limits in Perception ( Edited by A. J. VAN DOORN, W. A. VAN DE GRIND and J. J. KOENDERINK ) ( VNU Science Press , Utrecht ).
  • LEVINE , K. , 1982 , Functional literacy fond illusions and false economies. Harvard Educational Review , 52 , 249 – 366 .
  • LEVINE , M. , 1982 , You-are-here maps psychological considerations. Environment and Behavior , 14 , 221 – 237 .
  • LEVINE , K. , 1986 , The Social Context of Literacy ( Routledge & Kegan Paul , London ).
  • LOWENTHAL , D. , and WASON , P. C. , 1977 , Academics and their writing. Times Literary Supplement , 24 June, 782 .
  • MCMAHON , M. , and MURPHY , S. , 1987 , Literacy research in the UK report of the Brighton Conference, June1987. Research and Practice in Adult Literacy Bulletin , 4 , 13 – 14 .
  • NANCARROW , P. R. , Ross , D. , and BRJDWELL , L. , 1984 , Word Processors and the Writing Process An Annotated Bibliography ( Greenwood Press , Westport , CT ).
  • NiCKERSON , R. S. , 1986 , Using Computers Human Factors in Information Systems ( MIT Press , Cambridge , MA ).
  • NORRISH , P. , 1984 , Moving tables from paper to screen. Visible Language , 18 , 154 – 170 .
  • NORRISH , P. , 1987 , The Graphic Translatability of Text British Library R&D Report 5854 (Department of Typography and Graphic Communication , University of Reading , Reading ).
  • NORTON TAYLOR , R. , 1987 , Good form in Whitehall. The Guardian , 10 November, 4 .
  • PARADIS , J. , DOBRIN , D. , and MILLER , R. , 1985 , Writing at EXXON 1'1'D notes on writing in the environment of an R&D organization . In Writing in Non-academic Settings ( Edited by L. ODELL and D. GOSWAMI ) ( Guilford Press , New York ), pp. 281 – 307 .
  • POULTON , E. C. , 1985 , Geometric illusions in reading graphs. Perception and Psychophysics , 37 , 543 – 548 .
  • PULLINGER , D. , 1984 , The design and presentation of the Computer Human Factors journal on the BLEND system. Visible Language , 18 , 171 – 185 .
  • RAINEY , - Z. Z. , 1972 , Professors and executives appraise business communication education. Journal of Business Communication , 9 , 19 – 23 .
  • REDDISH , J. C. , BATTISON , R. , and GOLD , E. S. , 1985 , Making information accessible to readers . In Writing in Non-academic Settings ( Edited by L. ODELL and D. GOSWAMI ) ( Guilford Press , New York ), pp. 129 – 153 .
  • ROTHKOPF , E. Z. , 1986 , Instructional goals for the information culture . Inaugural Lecture Teachers College , Columbia University , New York , April 22,1986 .
  • SCARDAMALIA , M. , BEREITER , C. , and MCDONALD , J. , 1977 , Role taking in written communication investigated by manipulating anticipatory knowledge . ERIC ED 151 792 .
  • SCARDAMAUA , M. , BEREITER , C. , and STEINBACH , R. , 1984 , Teachability of reflective processes in written composition. Cognitive Science , 173 – 190 .
  • SCRIBNER , S. , 1984 , Studying working intelligence . In Everyday Cognition ( Edited by B. RoGOFF and J. LAVE ) ( Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA ).
  • SHACKEL , B. , 1982 , The BLEND system programme for the study of some electronic journals. Ergonomics , 25 , 269 – 284 .
  • SHRIVER , K. , 1986 , Revising computer documentation for comprehension ten exercises in protocol aided revision. Technical Report 14 ( Communications Design Center , Pittsburgh , PA ).
  • SOMMERS , N. I. , 1980 , Revision strategies of student writers and experienced adult writers. College Composition and Communication , 31 , 378 – 388 .
  • STALLARD , C. K. , 1974 , An analysis of the writing behavior of good student writers. Research in the Teaching of English , 8 , 206 – 218 .
  • SULLIVAN , M. A. , CHAJANIS , A. , 1983 , Human factoring a text editor manual. Behaviour and Information Technology , 2 , 113 – 125 .
  • STRUNK , W. , and WHITE , E. , 1959 , The Elements of Style ( Macmillan , New York ).
  • SWARTS , H. , FLOWER , L. , and HAYES , J. , 1980 , How headings in documents can mislead readers . Technical Report 9. Document Design Project ( Camegie-Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA ).
  • TINKER , M. A. , 1955 , Prolonged reading tasks in visual search. Journal of Applied Psychology , 39 , 444 – 446 .
  • TOMBAUOH , J. , LICKORISH , A. , and WRIGHT , P. , 1987 , Multi-window displays for readers of lengthy texts. International Journal of Man Machine Studies , 26 , 597 – 615 .
  • TuFTE , E. R. , 1983 , Visual Display of Quantitative Information ( Graphics Press , Cheshire , CT ).
  • WAINER , H. , 1981 , Graphical Data Analysis. Annual Review of Psychology , 32 , 191 – 241 .
  • WALLER , R. H. W. , 1982 , Text as diagram using typography to improve access and understanding . In The Technology of Text ( Edited by D. H. JONASSEN ) ( Educational Technology Publications , Englewood Cliffs , NJ ). ch 5 , pp. 105 – 125 .
  • WALLER , R. H. W. , 1987 , Typographic literacy visual aspects of verbal language. Paper presented at the Conference of Verbo-Visual Literacy , Stockholm .
  • WASON , P. C. , 1970 , On writing scientific papers. Physics Bulletin , 21 , 407 – 108
  • WASON , P. C. , 1980 , Specific thoughts on the writing process . In Cognitive Processes in Writing ( Edited by L. W. GREGG and E. S. STEINBERG ) ( Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc , Hillsdale , NJ ), pp. 129 – 137 .
  • WiTTEN , I. , 1985 , Elements of computer typography. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 23 , 623 – 687 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1980 , Usability the criterion for designing written information . In Processing Visible Language, 2 ( Edited by P. A. KOLERS, M. E. WROLSTAD and H. BOUMA ) ( Plenum Press , New York ), ch.13 , 183 – 206 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1983 , Manual dexterity a user-oriented approach to creating computer documentation . In Human Factors in Computing Systems ( Edited by A. JANDA ) ( Association of Computing Machinery , New York ).
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1985a , Editing policies and processes . In Designing Usable Texts ( Edited by T. M. DUFFY and R. WALLER ) ( Academic Press , Orlando , FL ).
  • WRJGHT , P. , 1985b , Is evaluation a myth? Assessing text assessment procedures . In The Technology of Text, 2 ( Edited by D. H. JONASSEN ) ( Educational Technology Publications , Englewood Cliffs , NJ ).
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1987a , Writing technical information. Review of Research in Education , 14 ( in the press ).
  • WRIGHT P. , 1987b . Shifting sands and shipwrecks in forms design Formulieren als Communicatiemiddel ( Linea , Amsterdam ), 65 – 75 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1988a , Issues of content and presentation in document design . In Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction ( Edited by M. HELANDER ) ( Elsevier , Amsterdam ).
  • WRIGHT , P. , 1988b , Why we need theories of NOT reading some psychological aspects of the human-computer interface . In Working Models of Human Perception ( Edited by H. BOUMA and B. ELSENDOORN ) ( Academic Press , London ), in the press .
  • WRIGHT , P. , HULL , A. J. , and LICKORISH , A. , 1984 , Psychological factors in reading tables . Proceedings of 23rd International Congress of Psychology, Mexico , ( Editorial Trillas , Mexico ) 194 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , and LICKORISH , A. , 1984 , Investigating referees' requirements in an electronic medium. Visible Language , 18 , 186 – 205 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , and LICKORISH , A. , 1988 , Colour cues as location aids in lengthy texts on screen and paper. Behaviour and Information Technology , 7 , 11 – 30 .
  • WRIGHT , P. , LICKORISH , A. , and HULL , A. J. , 1986 , Improving the presentation of information to juries in fraud trails . In Fraud Trials Committee ( HMSO , Norwich ).
  • WRIGHT , P. , LICKORISH , A. , and HULL , A. J. , 1988 , Numerical evidence in commercial fraud trials. Information Design Journal , (in press).
  • WRIGHT , P. , and RHD , F. , 1973 , Written information some alternatives to prose for expressing the outcomes of complex contingencies. Journal of Applied Psychology , 57 , 160 – 166 .
  • Presented to the Annual Conference, at the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology, 11-15 Aprii 1988

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.