121
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Visual strain during VDU work: the effect of viewing distance and dark focus

Pages 1449-1465 | Received 16 Feb 1988, Accepted 05 May 1988, Published online: 30 May 2007

References

  • BERNS, T. (Editor) , 1984 , Die ergonomischen Prinzipien der Büroautomation ( Ericsson Information Systems AB , Bromma , Sweden ).
  • CHARMAN , W. N. , 1974 , On the position of the plane of stationarity in laser refraction . American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics , 51 , 832 – 838 .
  • COLLINS , C. C. , O'MEARA , D. , and SCOTT , A. B. , 1975 , Muscle tension during unrestrained human eye movements . Journal of Physiology (London) , 245 , 351 – 369 .
  • EBENHOLTZ , S. M. , 1983 , Accommodative hysteresis a precursor for induced myopia? Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 24 , 513 – 515 .
  • FINNEY , D. J. , 1971 , Probit Analysis ( Cambridge University Press , Cambridge ).
  • FISHER , R. F. , 1977 , The force of contraction of the human ciliary muscle during accommodation . Journal of Physiology (London) , 270 , 51 – 74 .
  • GILMARTTN , B. , 1986 , A review of the role of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle in ocular accommodation . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 6 , 23 – 37 .
  • GRANDJEAN , E. , HÜNTING , W. , and PIDERMANN , M. , 1983 , VDT workstation design preferred settings and their effects . Human Factors , 25 , 161 – 175 .
  • GRANDJEAN , E. , NISHIYAMA , K. , HÜNTING , W. , and PIDERMAN , M. , 1982 , A laboratory study on preferred and imposed settings of a VDT workstation . Behaviour and Information Technology , 1 , 289 – 304 .
  • HEDMAN , L. R. , and BRIEM , V. , 1984 , Short-term changes in eyestrain of VDU users as a function of age . Human Factors , 26 , 357 – 370 .
  • HELANDER , M. G. , and RUPP , B. A. , 1984 , An overview of standards and guidelines for visual display terminals . Applied Ergonomics , 15 , 185 – 195 .
  • HENNESSY , R. T. , and LEIBOWITZ , H. W. , 1972 , Laser optometer incorporating the Badal principle . Behaviour Research Methods and Instrumentation , 4 , 237 – 239 .
  • HÜNTING , W. , LÄUBLI , T. , and GRANDJEAN , E. , 1981 , Postural and visual loads at VDT workplaces . Ergonomics , 24 , 917 – 931 .
  • JASCHINSKI-KRUZA , W. , 1987 , Is the resting state of our eyes a favorable viewing distance for VDU work? In Work With Display Units 86 , ( Edited by B. KNAVE and P.-G. WIDEBÄCK ) ( North-Holland , Amsterdam ), pp. 526 – 538 .
  • JASCHINSKI-KRUZA , W. , 1988 , Beanspruchung bei Bildschirmarbeit die Belastung der Augenmuskulatur bei verschiedenen Sehabständen ( VDI-Verlag , Dusseldorf ).
  • JOHNSON , C. A. , 1976 , Effects of luminance and stimulus distance on accommodation and visual resolution . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 66 , 138 – 142 .
  • JOHNSON , C. A. , POST , R. B. , and TSEUTAKJ , T. K. , 1984 , Short-term variability of the resting focus of accommodation . Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 4 , 319 – 325 .
  • KINTZ , R. T. , and BOWKER , D. O. , 1982 , Accommodation response during a prolonged visual search task . Applied Ergonomics , 13 , 55 – 59 .
  • KRUEGER , H. , HESSEN , J. , and ZÜLCH , J. , 1982 , B edeutung der Akkommodation für das Sehen am Arbeitsplatz . Zeitschrift fur Arbeitswissenschaft , 36 , 159 – 163 .
  • KRUGER , P. B. , 1980 , The effect of cognitive demand on accommodation . American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics , 57 , 440 – 445 .
  • LEBOWITZ , H. W. , and OWENS , D. A. , 1978 , New evidence for the intermediate position of relaxed accommodation . Documenta of Ophthalmologica 46 , 133 – 147 .
  • LIEBERMAN , H. R. , and PENTLAND , A. P. , 1982 , Microcomputer-based estimation of psychophysical thresholds the Best-PEST . Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation , 14 , 21 – 25 .
  • MALMSTROM , F. V. , RANDLE , R. J. , BENDIX , J. S. , and WEBER , R. J. , 1980 , The visual accommodation response during concurrent mental activity . Perception and Psychophysics , 28 , 440 – 448 .
  • MALMSTROM , F. V. , and RANDLE , R. J. , 1984 , Effect of a concurrent counting task on dynamic visual accommodation . American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics , 61 , 590 – 594 .
  • MURCH , G. , 1982 , How visible is your display? Electro-Optical System Design , 14 , 43 – 49 .
  • ÖSTBERG , O. , 1980 , Accommodation and visual fatigue in display work . In Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals ( Edited by E. GRANDJEAN and E. VIGLIANI ) ( Taylor & Francis , London ), pp. 41 – 52 .
  • OWENS , D. A. , 1984 , The resting state of the eyes . American Scientist , 72 , 378 – 387 .
  • OWENS , D. A. , and WOLF-KELLY , K. , 1987 , Near work, visual fatigue, and variations of oculomotor tonus . Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 28 , 743 – 749 .
  • POST , R. B. , JOHNSON , C. A. , and OWENS , D. A. , 1985 , Does performance of tasks affect the resting focus of accommodation? American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics , 62 , 533 – 537 .
  • RAYMOND , J. E. , 1986 , Viewing distance affects reaction time to discriminate letters of a constant , small size. Perception and Psychophysics , 40 , 281 – 286 .
  • ROSCOE , S. N. , 1985 , Training good eyes to see better . Displays , 6 , 218 – 220 .
  • SIEGEL , S. , 1956 , Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences ( McGraw-Hill , New York ).
  • SIMONELLI , N. M. , 1980 , Polarized vernier optometer . Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation , 12 , 293 – 296 .
  • TAN , R. K. T. , and O'LEARY , D. J. , 1986 , Stability of the accommodative dark focus after periods of maintained accommodation . Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science , 27 , 1414 – 1417 .
  • TOATES , F. M. , 1972 , Accommodation function of the human eye . Physiological Reviews , 52 , 828 – 863 .
  • WATT , R. J. , and ANDREWS , D. P. , 1981 , APE Adaptive probit estimation of psychometric functions . Current Psychological Reviews , 1 , 205 – 214 .
  • WEBER , A. , SANCIN , E. , and GRANDJEAN , E. , 1984 , The effects of various keyboard heights on EMG and physical discomfort . In Ergonomics and Health in Modern Offices ( Edited by E. GRANDJEAN ) ( Taylor & Francis , London ), pp. 477 – 483 .
  • WESTON , H. C. , 1949 , Sight, Light and Efficiency ( Lewis , London ).
  • WYSZECKJ , G. , and STILES , W. S. , 1967 , Color Science. Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas ( Wiley , New York ).
  • ZÜLCH , J. , and KRUEGER , H. , 1982 , Bedeutung der Scharfentiefe und Wahrnehmungstiefe der Augen für das Sehen am Arbeitsplatz . Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Präventivmedizin , 17 , 1 – 4 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.