2,803
Views
102
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Effects of a lower-body exoskeleton device on metabolic cost and gait biomechanics during load carriage

, , , , &
Pages 1263-1275 | Received 17 Jul 2009, Accepted 10 Jul 2010, Published online: 23 Sep 2010

References

  • Attwells , R. L. 2006 . Influence of carrying heavy loads on soldiers' posture, movements, and gait . Ergonomics , 49 : 1527 – 1537 .
  • Birrell , S. A. and Haslam , R. A. 2009 . The effect of military load carriage on 3-D lower limb kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters . Ergonomics , 52 : 1298 – 1304 .
  • Birrell , S. A. and Haslam , R. A. 2010 . The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on kinetics of human gait . Applied Ergonomics , 41 ( 4 ) : 585 – 590 .
  • Birrell , S. A. , Hooper , R. H. and Haslam , R. A. 2007 . The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces . Gait & Posture , 26 : 611 – 614 .
  • Browning , R. C. 2007 . The effects of adding mass to the legs on the energetics and biomechanics of walking . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 39 : 515 – 525 .
  • Cavagna , G. A. , Thys , H. and Zamboni , A. 1976 . The sources of external work in walking and running . Journal of Physiology , 262 : 639 – 657 .
  • Cavanagh , P. R. and Williams , K. R. 1982 . The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 14 : 30 – 35 .
  • Department of the US Army . 1990 . Foot marches. Field manual 21–18 , Washington, DC : Department of the US Army .
  • Dollar , A. M. and Herr , H. 2008 . Lower extremity exoskeletons and active orthoses: Challenges and state-of-the-art . IEEE Transactions on Robotics , 24 : 144 – 158 .
  • Donelan , J. M. , Kram , R. and Kuo , A. D. 2001 . Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 268 : 1985 – 1992 .
  • Eastman Kodak Company . 1986 . Ergonomic design for people at work , Vol. 2 , New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
  • Epstein , Y. 1988 . External load can alter the energy cost of prolonged exercise . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 57 : 243 – 247 .
  • Ferris , D. P. , Sawicki , G. S. and Daley , M. A. 2007 . A physiologist's perspective on robotic exoskeletons for human locomotion . International Journal of Humanoid Robotics , 4 : 507 – 528 .
  • Gottschall , J. S. and Kram , R. 2003 . Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking . Journal of Applied Physiology , 94 : 1766 – 1772 .
  • Grabowski , A. , Farley , C. T. and Kram , R. 2005 . Independent metabolic costs of supporting body weight and accelerating body mass during walking . Journal of Applied Physiology , 98 : 579 – 583 .
  • Grabowski , A. M. and Herr , H. M. 2009 . Leg exoskeleton reduces the metabolic cost of human hopping . Journal of Applied Physiology , 107 : 670 – 678 .
  • Griffin , T. M. , Roberts , T. J. and Kram , R. 2003 . Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments . Journal of Applied Physiology , 95 : 172 – 183 .
  • Harman , E. 2000 . The effects of backpack weight on the biomechanics of load carriage. Report T00-17 , Natick, MA : US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine .
  • Herr , H. 2009 . Exoskeletons and orthoses: classification, design challenges and future directions . Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation , 6 : 21
  • Jansen , J. 2000 . Exoskeleton for soldier enhancement systems feasibility study. Report ORNL/TM-2000/256) , Oak Ridge, TN : Oak Ridge National Laboratory .
  • Jones , B. H. 1986 . The energy cost of women walking and running in shoes and boots . Ergonomics , 29 : 439 – 443 .
  • Kazerooni , H. and Steger , R. 2006 . The Berkeley lower extremity exoskeleton . Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control , 128 : 14 – 25 .
  • Kinoshita , H. 1985 . Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait . Ergonomics , 28 : 1347 – 1362 .
  • Knapik , J. , Harman , E. and Reynolds , K. 1996 . Load carriage using packs: A review of physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects . Applied Ergonomics , 27 : 207 – 216 .
  • Knapik , J. 1992 . Injuries associated with strenuous road marching . Military Medicine , 157 : 64 – 67 .
  • Legg , S. J. and Mahanty , A. 1986 . Energy cost of backpacking in heavy boots . Ergonomics , 29 : 433 – 438 .
  • Lloyd , R. and Cook , C. B. 2000 . Kinetic changes associated with load carriage using two rucksack designs . Ergonomics , 43 : 1331 – 1341 .
  • Margaria , R. 1976 . Biomechanics and energetics of muscular exercise , Oxford, , UK : Clarendon Press .
  • Martin , P. E. 1985 . Mechanical and physiological responses to lower extremity loading during running . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 17 : 427 – 433 .
  • Martin , P. E. and Nelson , R. C. 1986 . The effect of carried loads on the walking patterns of men and women . Ergonomics , 29 : 1191 – 1202 .
  • Miller , J. F. and Stamford , B. A. 1987 . Intensity and energy cost of weighted walking vs. running for men and women . Journal of Applied Physiology , 62 : 1497 – 1501 .
  • Murray , M. P. 1983 . Gait patterns in above-knee amputee patients: hydraulic swing control vs constant-friction knee components . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 64 : 339 – 345 .
  • Pandolf , K. B. , Givoni , B. and Goldman , R. F. 1977 . Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly . Journal of Applied Physiology , 43 : 577 – 581 .
  • Patton , J. F. 1991 . Physiological responses to prolonged treadmill walking with external loads . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 63 : 89 – 93 .
  • Polcyn , A. F. 2002 . Effects of weight carried by soldiers: combined analysis of four studies on maximal performance, physiology, and biomechanics. Report NATICK/TR-02/010 , Natick, MA : US Army Soldier Systems Center .
  • Reynolds , K. L. 1990 . Prolonged treadmill load carriage: Acute injuries and changes in foot anthropometry. Report T1-91 , Natick, MA : US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine .
  • Royer , T. D. and Martin , P. E. 2005 . Manipulation of leg mass and moment of inertia: effects on energy cost of walking . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 37 : 649 – 656 .
  • Sagiv , S. 1994 . Left ventricular responses during prolonged treadmill walking with heavy load carriage . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 26 : 285 – 288 .
  • Sawicki , G. S. and Ferris , D. P. 2008 . Mechanics and energetics of level walking with powered ankle exoskeletons . The Journal of Experimental Biology , 211 : 1402 – 1413 .
  • Schiffman , J. M. 2008 . The effects of a lower body exoskeleton load carriage assistive device on limits of stability and postural sway . Ergonomics , 51 : 1515 – 1529 .
  • Soule , R. G. and Goldman , R. F. 1969 . Energy costs of loads carried on the head, hands, or feet . Journal of Applied Physiology , 27 : 687 – 690 .
  • Soule , R. G. , Pandolf , K. B. and Goldman , R. F. 1978 . Energy expenditure of heavy load carriage . Ergonomics , 21 : 373 – 381 .
  • Task Force Devil Combined Arms Assessment Team . 2003 . The modern warrior's combat load: Dismounted operations in Afghanistan. Report Draft 8-14-2003 , Fort Leavenworth, KS : US Army Center for Army Lessons Learned .
  • Walsh , C. J. , Endo , K. and Herr , H. 2007 . A quasi-passive leg exoskeleton for load-carrying augmentation . International Journal of Humanoid Robotics , 4 : 487 – 506 .
  • Wiese-Bjornstal , D. M. and Dufek , J. S. 1991 . The effect of weightload and footwear on kinetic and temporal factors in level grade backpacking . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 21 : 167 – 181 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.