Walking strategies of visually impaired people on trapezoidal- and sinusoidal-section tactile groundsurface indicators

References

• Australian/New Zealand Standard . 2009 . 1428.4.1. Means to assist the orientation of people with vision impairment – Tactile ground surface indicators
   Google Scholar
• Beggs , W. D. 1991 . Psychological correlates of walking speed in the visually impaired . Ergonomics , 34 ( 1 ) : 91 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Standards Institution . 2008 . BS 15209. Tactile paving surface indicators produced from concrete, clay and stone
   Google Scholar
• Clark-Carter , D. D. , Heyes , A. D. and Howarth , C. I. 1986a . The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired people . Ergonomics , 29 ( 6 ) : 779 – 789 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark-Carter , D. D. , Heyes , A. D. and Howarth , C. I. 1986b . The effect of non-visual preview upon the walking speedof visually impaired people . Ergonomics , 29 ( 12 ) : 1575 – 1581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotes , J. E. and Meade , F. 1960 . The energy expenditure andmechanical energy demand in walking . Ergonomics , 3 : 97 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney , A. J. and Chow , H. M. 2000 . A study of tile design for tactile guide pathways . International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 25 : 693 – 698 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney , A. J. and Chow , H. M. 2001 . A study of the discriminability of shape symbols by the foot . Ergonomics , 44 ( 3 ) : 328 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , R. B. 1991 . A gait analysis data collection andreduction technique . Human Movement Science , 10 : 575 – 587 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowson , M. L. 1981 . Biochemical analysis of gait patterns ofvisually impaired . American Corrective Therapy Journal , 35 : 66 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott , D. B. 1995 . The Waterloo Vision and Mobility Study: postural control strategies in subjects with ARM . Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics , 15 ( 6 ) : 553 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrigno , G. and Pedotti , A. 1985 . ELITE. A digital dedicated hardware system for movement analysis viareal time signal processing . IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering , 32 : 943 – 950 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guth , D. 2005 . Blind and sighted pedestrians' judgments of gaps in traffic at roundabouts . Human Factors , 47 ( 2 ) : 314 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamill , J. , Knutzen , K. M. and Bates , B. T. 1985 . “ Ambulatory consistency of the visually impaired ” . In Biomechanics IX-A , Edited by: Winter , D. A. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hampshire , B. 1979 . The design and production of tactile graphic material for the visually impaired . Applied Ergonomics , 10 ( 2 ) : 87 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes , A. D. 1984 . Sonic Pathfinder: a programmable guidance aid for the blind . Wireless Word , 90 : 26 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , E. and Ponder , P. 1976 . Orientation and mobility techniques , New York : American Foundation for the Blind .
   Google Scholar
• Japanese Industrial Standard . 2001 . T 9252. Dimensions andpatterns of raised parts of tactile ground surface indicators for blind persons
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. T. 1998 . Gait and long cane kinematics: a comparison of sighted and visually impaired subjects . The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy , 27 ( 2 ) : 162 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , L. A. and Sarter , N. B. 2008 . Tactile displays: guidancefor their design and application . Human Factors , 50 ( 1 ) : 90 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , D. C. 1998 . Biomechanical gait alterations independent of speed in the healthy elderly: evidence forspecific limiting impairments . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 79 ( 3 ) : 317 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , Y. 2005 . Gait analysis of people walking on tactile ground surface indicators . IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 13 ( 1 ) : 53 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaGrow , S. and Weessies , M. 1994 . Orientation and mobility: Techniques for independence , Palmerston North, , New Zealand : The Dunmore Press Limited .
   Google Scholar
• MacGowan , H. E. 1985 . “ Kinematic analysis of the walking gait of sighted and congenitally blind children: ages 6–10 years ” . In Biomechanics IX-A , Edited by: Winter , D. A. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , C. D. and Winter , D. A. 1993 . Control of whole body balance in frontal plane during human walking . Journal of Biomechanics , 26 ( 6 ) : 633 – 644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki , B. E. 1997 . Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 45 ( 3 ) : 313 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami , T. 2000 . On tactile perceptibility of tactile warning blocks and their placing conditions . Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering , 528 : 47 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. E. 2001 . The biomechanics and motor control of gait in Parkinson disease . Clinical Biomechanics , 16 ( 6 ) : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , T. 1997 . Quantitative analysis of gait in the visually impaired . Disability and Rehabilitation , 19 ( 5 ) : 194 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakata , H. 1990 . “ Adapted gait of the blind ” . In Adapted physical activity: An interdisciplinary approach , Edited by: Doll-Tepper , G. , Dahms , C. , Coll , B. and von Selzam , H. 357 – 361 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Paulus , W. M. , Straube , A. and Brandt , T. 1984 . Visual stabilization of posture. Physiological stimulus characteristics and clinical aspects . Brain , 107 ( 4 ) : 1143 – 1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , J. 1992 . Gait analysis. Normal and pathological function, 1st ed. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , V. K. 1999 . A biomechanical evaluation of visually impaired persons' gait and long-cane mechanics . Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 36 ( 4 ) : 323 – 332 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray , C. T. 2008 . The impact of vision loss on postural stability and balance strategies in individuals with profound vision loss . Gait Posture , 28 ( 1 ) : 58 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellingerhout , R. 2001 . Improving obstacle detection by redesign of walking canes for blind persons . Ergonomics , 44 ( 5 ) : 513 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenkman , B. N. 1986 . Identification of ground materials with the aid of tapping sounds and vibrations of long canes for the blind . Ergonomics , 29 ( 8 ) : 985 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid , M. 2007 . Equilibrium during static and dynamic tasks in blind subjects: no evidence of cross-modal plasticity . Brain , 130 ( 8 ) : 2097 – 2107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takamiya , S. and Hamada , S. 1998 . Information used by visually impaired people while walking . Transportation Research Record , 1636 : 104 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Tinetti , M. E. 1995 . Risk factors for serious injury during falls by older persons in the community . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 43 ( 11 ) : 1214 – 1221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan , C. L. , Davis , B. L. and O'Connor , J. C. 1999 . Dynamics of human gaits , 2nd ed , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Vellas , B. J. 1997 . Fear of falling and restriction of mobility in elderly fallers . Age Ageing , 26 ( 3 ) : 189 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , R. L. 1978 . Energetics: application to the study and management of locomotor disabilities . Orthopedic Clinics of North America , 9 : 351 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittle , M. W. 1997 . Three-dimensional motion of the center of gravity of the body during walking . Human Movement Science , 16 : 347 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter , D. A. 1995 . Human balance and posture controlduring standing and walking . Gait Posture , 3 : 193 – 214 .
   Google Scholar