The effects of police duty belt and seat design changes on lumbar spine posture, driver contact pressure and discomfort

References

• Beach , T.A.C. , McDonald , K.A. , Coke , S.K. and Callaghan , J.P. 2008 . Gender responses to automobile and office sitting – influence of hip, hamstring, and low-back flexibility on seated postures . The Ergonomics Open Journal , 1 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J.J. , Well , G.A. , Trottier , A.J. , Bonneau , J. and Ferris , B. 2003 . Back pain in a large Canadian police force . Spine , 23 ( 7 ) : 821 – 827 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan , J.P. , Coke , S.K. and Beach , T.A.C. 2010 . Gender- and time-varying postural and discomfort responses during prolonged driving . Occupational Ergonomics , 9 : 41 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Callaghan , J.P. and McGill , S.M. 2001 . Low back joint loading and kinematics during standing and unsupported sitting . Ergonomics , 44 : 280 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffin , D.B. , Andersson , G.B.J. and Martin , B.J. 1999 . Occupational biomechanics , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• De Carvalho , D.E. and Callaghan , J.P. 2011 . Passive stiffness changes in the lumbar spine and effect of gender during prolonged simulated driving . International of Industrial Ergonomics , 41 : 617 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly , C.J. , Durkin , J.L. and Callaghan , J.P. 2009 . The effect of an active lumbar system on the seating comfort of officers in police fleet vehicles . International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics , 15 ( 3 ) : 295 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunk , N.M. and Callaghan , J.P. 2005 . Gender-based differences in postural responses to seated exposures . Clinical Biomechanics , 10 : 1101 – 1110 .
   Google Scholar
• Frymoyer , J.W. , Pope , M.H. , Costanza , M.C. , Rosen , J.C. , Goggin , J.E. and Wilder , D.G. 1980 . Epidemiologic studies of low-back pain . Spine , 5 : 419 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , D.E. , Dunk , N.M. and Callaghan , J.P. 2006 . The comparison of muscle activation and lumbar spine posture during prolonged sitting on a stability ball and in an office chair . Human Factors , 48 : 142 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyi , D.E. and Porter , J.M. 1998 . Musculoskeletal problems and driving in police officers . Occupational Medicine , 48 : 153 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyi , D.E. and Porter , J.M. 1999 . Interface pressure and the prediction of car seat discomfort . Applied Ergonomics , 30 : 99 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , D.D. , Harrison , S.O. , Croft , A.C. , Harrison , D.E. and Troyanovich , S.J. 1999 . Sitting biomechanics, part I: review of the literature . Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics , 22 : 594 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosea , T.M. , Simon , S.R. , Delatizky , J. , Wong , M.A. and Hsieh , C.C. 1986 . Myoelectric analysis of the paraspinal musculature in relation to automobile driving . Spine , 11 : 928 – 936 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lis , A.M. , Black , K.M. , Korn , H. and Nordin , M. 2007 . Association between sitting and occupational LBP . European Spine Journal , 16 : 238 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson , M.L. , Pope , M.H. , Wilder , D.G. and Areskoug , G. 1996 . Are occupational drivers at an increased risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders? . Spine , 21 : 710 – 717 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGill , S.M. , Hughson , R.L. and Parks , K. 2000 . Lumbar erector spinae oxygenation during prolonged contractions: implications for prolonged work . Ergonomics , 43 : 486 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon , C.D. , Callaghan , J.P. and Dickerson , C.R. 2011 . Field quantification of physical exposures of police officers in vehicle operation . International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics , 17 ( 1 ) : 61 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon , C.D. , Callaghan , J.P. and Dickerson , C.R. 2012 . Evaluation of the influence of mobile data terminal location on physical exposures during simulated police patrol activities . Applied Ergonomics , 43 ( 5 ) : 859 – 867 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mergl , C. , Klendauer , M. and Budd , H. 2005 . Predicting long term riding comfort in cars by contact forces between human and seat , 1 – 20 . Warrendale , PA : SAE International . (Paper No. 2005-01-2690)
   Google Scholar
• Porter , J.M. and Gyi , D.E. 2002 . The prevalence of musculoskeletal troubles among car drivers . Occupational Medicine , 52 ( 1 ) : 4 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M.J. , Gyi , D.E. and Tait , H.A. 2003 . Interface pressure data and the prediction of driver discomfort in road trials . Applied Ergonomics , 34 : 207 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuebbe , P. , Genaidy , A. , Karwowski , W. , Kwon , Y.G. and Alhemood , A. 2002 . The relationships between biomechanical and postural stresses, musculoskeletal injury rates, and perceived body discomfort experienced by industrial workers: a field study . International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics: JOSE , 8 ( 2 ) : 259 – 280 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Videman , T. , Nurminen , M. and Troup , J.D. 1990 . Lumbar spinal pathology in cadaveric material in relation to history of back pain, occupation, and physical loading . Spine , 15 : 728 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , G.A. , Congelton , J.J. , Moore , J.S. , Amendola , A.A. and Ringer , L. 2006 . Postural versus chair design impacts upon interface pressure . Applied Ergonomics , 37 : 619 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandner , L.D. , Scipio , C.D. , Hirsh , A.T. , Torres , C.A. and Robinson , M. E. 2012 . The perception of pain in others: how gender, race, and age influence pain expectations . The Journal of Pain , 13 ( 3 ) : 220 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder , D.G. , Woodworth , B.B. , Frymoyer , J.W. and Pope , M.H. 1982 . Vibration and the human spine . Spine , 7 : 243 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar