The use of contextual cues to improve warning symbol comprehension: making the connection for older adults

References

• Administration on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services. 2010. “Projected Future Growth of the Older Population.” Accessed December 2012. http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aging_statistics/future_growth/future_growth.aspx#age
   Google Scholar
• Alain , C. , Ogawa , K. H. and Woods , D. L. 1996 . Aging and the Segregation of Auditory Stimulus Sequences . Journal of Gerontechnology. Series B, Psychological Sciences & Social Science , 51 : 91 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , P. A. , Weber , T. A. and Madden , D. J. 1994 . Adult Age Differences in Attention: Filtering or Selection? . Journal of Gerontechnology , 49 : 213 – 222 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. “Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.” Accessed December 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr//mmwrsrch.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chan , A. H. S. and Ng , A. W. Y. 2010 . Effects of Sign Characteristics and Training Methods on Safety Sign Training Effectiveness . Ergonomics , 53 : 1325 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , B. L. and Lerner , N. D. 1982 . Assessment of Fire-Safety Symbols . Human Factors , 24 : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyfuss , H. 1984 . Symbol Sourcebook: An Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Easterby , R. S. and Hakiel , S. R. 1981 . Field Testing of Consumer Safety Signs: The Comprehension of Pictorially Presented Messages . Applied Ergonomics , 12 : 143 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischoff , B. 1975 . Hindsight ≠  Foresight: The Effect of Outcome Knowledge on Judgment under Uncertainty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 1 : 288 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsythe , A. , Mulhern , G. and Sawey , M. 2008 . Confounds in Pictorial Sets: The Role of Complexity and Familiarity in Basic-Level Picture Processing . Behavior Research Methods , 40 : 116 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , H. E. , Rogers , W. A. and Fisk , A. D. 1999 . “ Understanding Age-Related Differences in the Perception and Comprehension of Symbolic Warning Information ” . In Proceedings of the HFES 43rd Annual Meeting , 617 – 621 . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Hancock , H. E. , Rogers , W. A. , Schroeder , D. and Fisk , A. D. 2004 . Safety Symbol Comprehension: Effects of Symbol Type, Familiarity, and Age . Human Factors , 46 : 183 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Stoltzfus , E. , Zacks , R. and Rypma , B. 1991 . Age and Inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 17 ( 1 ) : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2003 . Comprehension and Memory for Warning Symbols: Age-Related Differences and Impact of Training . Journal of Safety Research , 34 : 495 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2004 . “ Age-Related Effects on Warning Symbol Comprehension ” . In Proceedings of the HFES 48th Annual Meeting , 233 – 237 . Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2005 . “ A Semantic Relatedness Paradigm for Assessing Comprehension of Warning Symbols ” . In Proceedings of the HFES 49th Annual Meeting , Santa Monica, CA : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2008a . A Comparison of Two Training Methods for Improving Warning Symbol Comprehension . Applied Ergonomics , 39 : 135 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. 2008b . Warning Symbols as Reminders of Hazards: Impact of Training . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 40 : 1005 – 1012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch , M. F. , Horrey , W. J. , Wogalter , M. S. and Powell , W. R. 2011 . Age-Related Differences in Warning Symbol Comprehension and Training Effectiveness: Effects of Familiarity, Complexity, and Comprehensibility . Ergonomics , 54 : 879 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo , L. and Craik , F. I. M. 2008 . Aging and Memory: A Cognitive Approach . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 53 : 346 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCalley , L. T. , Bouwhuis , D. G. and Juola , J. F. 1995 . Age Changes in the Distribution of Visual Attention . Journals of Gerontechnology. Series B, Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences , 50 : 316 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdougall , S. J. P. , Curry , M. B. and de Bruijn , O. 1999 . Measuring Symbol and Icon Characteristics: Norms for Concreteness, Complexity, Meaningfulness, Familiarity, and Semantic Distance for 239 Symbols . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 31 : 487 – 519 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Modley , R. 1976 . Handbook of Pictorial Symbols: 3,250 Examples from International Sources , New York : Dover Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , R. W. , Park , D. C. and Poon , L. W. 1990 . Effects of Labeling Techniques on Memory and Comprehension of Prescription Information in Young and Old Adults . Journal of Gerontology , 45 : 166 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. n.d. “Alerts.”, Accessed December 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pubs/alerts_date_desc_nopubnumbers.html
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , T. A. , Rogers , W. A. and Fisk , A. D. 2003 . Do You Know How Old Your Participants Are? Recognizing the Importance of Participant Age Classifications . Ergonomics in Design , 11 : 22 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , A. W. and Chan , A. H. 2007 . The Guessability of Traffic Signs: Effects of Prospective-User Factors and Design Features . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 39 : 1245 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration. n.d. “Safety Hazard Alerts.” Accessed December 2012. http://www.msha.gov/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. n.d. “Accident Report Fatal Facts.” Accessed December 2012. http://www.osha-slc.gov/OshDoc/toc_FatalFacts.html
   Google Scholar
• Zacks , R. T. , Radvansky , G. and Hasher , L. 1996 . Studies of Directed Forgetting in Older Adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 22 : 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwaga , H. J. and Boersema , T. 1983 . Evaluation of a Set of Graphic Symbols . Applied Ergonomics , 14 : 43 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar