Effects of competing environmental variables and signage on route-choices in simulated everyday and emergency wayfinding situations

REFERENCES

• Allbeck, J. M., and N. I.Badler. 2002. “Embodied Autonomous Agent.” In Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, edited by K. M.Stanney, 313–332. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Bourne, L. E., and R. A.Yaroush. 2003. Stress and Cognition: A Cognitive Psychological Perspective, NASA Technical Report, NASA, p. 123.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy-Dalton, R.2001. “Spatial Navigation in Immersive Virtual Environments.” Doctoral diss., University of London. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1111/.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy-Dalton, R.2003. “The Secret Is to Follow Your Nose: Route Path Selection and Angularity.” Environment and Behavior35 (1): 107–131. 10.1177/0013916502238867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, E., F.Rebelo, J.Teles, and M. S.Wogalter. 2013. “Behavioral Compliance for Dynamic versus Static Signs in an Immersive Virtual Environment.” Applied Ergonomics. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.10.004.
   Google Scholar
• Easterbrook, J. A.1959. “The Effect of Emotion on Cue Utilization and the Organization of Behavior.” Psychological Review66 (3): 183–201. 10.1037/h0047707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamberini, L., P.Cottone, A.Spagnolli, D.Varotto, and G.Mantovani. 2003. “Responding to a Fire Emergency in a Virtual Environment: Different Patterns of Action for Different Situations.” Ergonomics46 (8): 842–858. 10.1080/0014013031000111266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochmair, H., and A. U.Frank. 2000. “Influence of Estimation Errors on Wayfinding-Decisions in Unknown Street Networks – Analyzing the Least-Angle Strategy.” Spatial Cognition and Computation2 (4): 283–313. 10.1023/A:1015566423907.
   Google Scholar
• Hochmair, H., and V.Karlsson. 2005. “Investigation of Preference between the Least-Angle Strategy and the Initial Segment Strategy for Route Selection in Unknown Environments.” In Spatial Cognition IV. Reasoning, Action, Interaction, edited by C.Freksa, M.Knauff, B.Krieg-Brückner, B.Nebel, and T.Barkowsky. Vol. 3343, 79–97. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hölscher, C., T.Meilinger, G.Vrachliotis, M.Brösamle, and M.Knauff. 2006. “Up the Down Staircase: Wayfinding Strategies in Multi-level Buildings.” Journal of Environmental Psychology26 (4): 284–299. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.09.002..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara, S.1988. Tests for Colour-Blindness: 38 Plates Edition. Tokyo: Kanehara.
   Google Scholar
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 2002. Graphical Symbols - Safety Colors and Safety Signs. Part 1: Design Principles for Safety Signs in Workplaces and Public Areas. ISO 3864-1. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. S., L. J.Hettinger, and M. G.Lilienthal. 1990. “Simulator Sickness.” In Motion and Space Sickness, edited by G. H.Crampton, 317–342. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keshavarz, B., and H.Hecht. 2011. “Validating an Efficient Method to Quantify Motion Sickness.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society53 (4): 415–426. 10.1177/0018720811403736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobes, M., N.Oberijé, and M.Duyvis. 2010. “Case Studies on Evacuation Behaviour in a Hotel Building in BART and Real Life.” In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics – PED 2008, edited by W. W. F.Klingsch, C.Rogsch, A.Schadschneider, and M.Schreckenberg, 183–201. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F., G. R.Loftus, and J.Messo. 1987. “Some Facts about ‘Weapon Focus’.” Law and Human Behavior11 (1): 55–62. 10.1007/bf01044839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani, G., L.Gamberini, M.Martinelli, and D.Varotto. 2001. “Exploring the Suitability of Virtual Environments for Safety Training: Signals, Norms and Ambiguity in a Simulated Emergency Escape.” Cognition, Technology & Work3 (1): 33–41. 10.1007/pl00011519.
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill, M. J.1991. “Effects of Signage and Floor Plan Configuration on Wayfinding Accuracy.” Environment and Behavior23 (5): 553–574. 10.1177/0013916591235002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purser, D. A., and M.Bensilum. 2001. “Quantification of Behaviour for Engineering Design Standards and Escape Time Calculations.” Safety Science38 (2): 157–182. 10.1016/s0925-7535(00)00066-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, E. S.1933. “The Psychology of Public Educations.” American Journal of Public Health23 (2): 123–128. 10.2105/AJPH.23.2.123.
   Google Scholar
• Scharine, A. A., and M. K.McBeath. 2002. “Right-Handers and Americans Favor Turning to the Right.” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society44 (2): 248–256. 10.1518/0018720024497916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, N.-J., C.-Y.Lin, and C.-H.Yang. 2000. “A Virtual-Reality-Based Feasibility Study of Evacuation Time Compared to the Traditional Calculation Method.” Fire Safety Journal34 (4): 377–391. 10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00009-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, C.-H., W.-T.Wu, and C.-Y.Lin. 2009. “Using Virtual Reality to Determine How Emergency Signs Facilitate Way-finding.” Applied Ergonomics40 (4): 722–730. 10.1016/j.apergo.2008.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, L. H., and E. W.Socov. 1974. “The Movement of People toward Lights.” Journal of Illuminating Engineering Society3: 237–241.
   Google Scholar
• Vilar, E., F.Rebelo, and P.Noriega. 2012. “Indoor Human Wayfinding Performance Using Vertical and Horizontal Signage in Virtual Reality.” Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries. 10.1002/hfm.20503.
   Google Scholar
• Vilar, E., F.Rebelo, P.Noriega, J.Teles, and C.Mayhorn. 2013. “The Influence of Environmental Features on Route Selection in an Emergency Situation.” Applied Ergonomics44 (4): 618–627. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.12.002..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilar, E., L.Teixeira, F.Rebelo, P.Noriega, and J.Teles. 2012. “Using Environmental Affordances to Direct People Natural Movement Indoors.” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation41: 1149–1156. 10.3233/WOR-2012-0295-1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens, C. D.1992. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. 2nd ed.New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Wogalter, M. S.2006. “Communication-Human Information Processing (C-HIP) Model.” In Handbook of Warnings, edited by M. S.Wogalter, 51–62. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, H., L.Filippidis, E. R.Galea, D.Blackshields, and P. J.Lawrence. 2011. “Experimental Analysis of the Effectiveness of Emergency Signage and Its Implementation in Evacuation Simulation.” Fire and Materials36 (5–6): 367–382. 10.1002/fam.1095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar