Way-finding during a fire emergency: an experimental study in a virtual environment

REFERENCES

• Benthorn, L., and H.Frantzich. 1999. “Fire Alarm in a Public Building: How do People Evaluate Information and Choose an Evacuation Exit?” Fire and Materials23 (6): 311–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blavier, A., and A. S.Nyssen. 2009. “Influence of 2D and 3D View on Performance and Time Estimation in Minimal Invasive Surgery.” Ergonomics52 (11): 1342–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, R.1992. “Prospective and Retrospective Duration Judgment: The Role of Information Processing and Memory.” In Time, Action and Cognition: Towards Bridging the Gap, edited by F.Macar, V.Pouthas, and W. J.Friedman, 141–152. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Block, R. A.1990. Cognitive Models of Psychological Time. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Block, R. A., and D.Zakay. 1997. “Prospective and Retrospective Duration Judgments: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review4 (2): 184–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bojko, A.2009. “Informative or Misleading? Heatmaps Deconstructed.” Human-Computer Interaction. New Trends5610: 30–39.
   Google Scholar
• Bosco, A., L.Picucci, A. O.Caffo, G. E.Lancioni, and V.Gyselinck. 2008. “Assessing Human Reorientation Ability Inside Virtual Reality Environments: The Effects of Retention Interval and Landmark Characteristics.” Cognitive Processing9 (4): 299–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckman, L., and J.Leather. 1994. “Modelling Station Congestion the Pedroute Way.” Traffic Engineering & Control35 (6): 373–377.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, H. P., C.Vaught, W. J.Wiehagen, J. V.Haley, and M. J.BrnichJr.1998. “Decision Making during a Simulated Mine Fire Escape.” IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management45 (2): 153–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D. E., and G.Underwood. 1998. “Effects of Experience and Processing Demands on Visual Information Acquisition in Drivers.” Ergonomics41 (4): 448–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., C.Smith, and K.Pezdek. 1982. “Cognitive Maps and Urban Form.” Journal of the American Planning Association48 (2): 232–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea, E., and J.Galparsoro. 1994. “Exodus: An Evacuation Model for Mass Transport Vehicles.” Fire Safety Journal22: 341–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamberini, L., P.Cottone, A.Spagnolli, D.Varotto, and G.Mantovani. 2003. “Responding to a Fire Emergency in a Virtual Environment: Different Patterns of Action for Different Situations.” Ergonomics46 (8): 842–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluck, M.1991. “Making Sense of Human Way-Finding: Review of Cognitive and Linguistic Knowledge for Personal Navigation with a New Research Direction.” Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space, Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences63: 117–135.
   Google Scholar
• Golledge, R. G.1999. Way-Finding Behavior: Cognitive Mapping and Other Spatial Processes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gwynne, S., E.Galea, M.Owen, P.Lawrence, and L.Filippidis. 1999. “A Review of the Methodologies Used in the Computer Simulation of Evacuation from the Built Environment.” Building and Environment34 (6): 741–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, P., and J.Weaver. 2005. “On Time Distortion under Stress.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science6 (2): 193–211.
   Google Scholar
• Hegarty, M., and D.Waller. 2004. “A Dissociation between Mental Rotation and Perspective-Taking Spatial Abilities.” Intelligence32 (2): 175–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis, I. L., and L.Mann. 1977. Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kisko, T. M., and R. L.Francis. 1985. “EVACNET+: A Computer Program to Determine Optimal Building Evacuation Plans.” Fire Safety Journal9 (2): 211–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobes, M., I.Helsloot, B.De Vries, and J. G.Post. 2010. “Building Safety and Human Behaviour in Fire: A Literature Review.” Fire Safety Journal45 (1): 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozhevnikov, M., and M.Hegarty. 2001. “A Dissociation between Object Manipulation Spatial Ability and Spatial Orientation Ability.” Memory & Cognition29 (5): 745–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton, C. A., and J.Kallai. 2002. “Gender Differences in Way-Finding Strategies and Anxiety about Way-Finding: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.” Sex Roles47 (9): 389–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, S., Z.Fang, P.Lin, and G.Zhi. 2004. “An Evacuation Model: The SGEM Package.” Fire Safety Journal39 (3): 169–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, K.1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT/Harvard University press.
   Google Scholar
• Malano, C., P.Therme, and D.Mestre. 2011. “Affective, Anxiety and Behavioral Effects of an Aversive Stimulation during a Simulated Navigation Task within a Virtual Environment: A Pilot Study.” Computers in Human Behavior27 (1): 169–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani, G., L.Gamberini, M.Martinelli, and D.Varotto. 2001. “Exploring the Suitability of Virtual Environments for Safety Training: Signals, Norms and Ambiguity in a Simulated Emergency Escape.” Cognition, Technology & Work3 (1): 33–41.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, F., W.Zhang, and R.Yang. 2011. “Development of Panorama Manifestation System and Its Comparison with Desk-top System.” Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV), Beijing, 255–258.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, F., W.Zhang, and R.Yang. 2013. “The Development of a Panorama Manifestation Virtual Reality System for Navigation and a Usability Comparison with a Desktop System.” Behaviour & Information Technology33 (2): 132–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. G.1960. “Information Input Overload and Psychopathology.” The American Journal of Psychiatry116 (2): 695–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., M.Johansson, and H.Frantzich. 2009. “Evacuation Experiment in a Road Tunnel: A Study of Human Behaviour and Technical Installations.” Fire Safety Journal44 (4): 458–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill, M. J.1991. “Evaluation of a Conceptual Model of Architectural Legibility.” Environment and Behavior23 (3): 259–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill, M. J.1992. “Effects of Familiarity and Plan Complexity on Way-Finding in Simulated Buildings.” Journal of Environmental Psychology12 (4): 319–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, P., and M.Regan. 2001. “A Comparison between Actual and Predicted Evacuation Times.” Safety Science38 (2): 139–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, M., E. R.Galea, and P. J.Lawrence. 1996. “The Exodus Evacuation Model Applied to Building Evacuation Scenarios.” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering8 (2): 65–84.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, M., E.Galea, P.Lawrence, and L.Filippidis. 1999. “An Aircraft Accident Database of Human Experience in Evacuation Derived from Aviation Accident Reports.” Fire and Materials23 (6): 363–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozel, F.2001. “Time Pressure and Stress as a Factor during Emergency Egress.” Safety Science38 (2): 95–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsen, R.1984. “Human Behavior and Fires: An Introduction.” Fire Technology20 (2): 15–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pires, T. T.2005. “An Approach for Modeling Human Cognitive Behavior in Evacuation Models.” Fire Safety Journal40 (2): 177–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proulx, G.1995. “Evacuation Time and Movement in Apartment Buildings.” Fire Safety Journal24 (3): 229–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, A., C.Chen, J.Shi, and L.Zou. 2006. “Application of Virtual Reality Technology to Evacuation Simulation in Fire Disaster.” Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality, USA, 26–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ruddle, R. A., and S.Lessels. 2006. “Three Levels of Metric for Evaluating Way-Finding.” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments15 (6): 637–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salojärvi, J., K.Puolamäki, and S.Kaski. 2005. “Implicit Relevance Feedback from Eye Movements.” In Artificial Neural Networks: Biological Inspirations – ICANN 2005. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 3696), edited by W.Duch, J.Kacprzyk, E.Oja, and S.Zadrozny, 513–518. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, T., and K.Boyce. 2000. “A Study of Evacuation from Large Retail Stores.” Fire Safety Journal35 (1): 25–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, N. J., C. Y.Lin, and C. H.Yang. 2000. “A Virtual-Reality-Based Feasibility Study of Evacuation Time Compared to the Traditional Calculation Method.” Fire Safety Journal34 (4): 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sime, J. D.1985. “Movement toward the Familiar Person and Place Affiliation in a Fire Entrapment Setting.” Environment and Behavior17 (6): 697–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skorupka, A.2009. “Comparing Human Way-Finding Behavior in Real and Virtual Environment.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium, edited by DanielKoch, LarsMarcus, and JesperSteen, 1–7. Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S., and E.Ericson. 2009. “Using Immersive Game-Based Virtual Reality to Teach Fire-Safety Skills to Children.” Virtual Reality13 (2): 87–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. P., and D.Trenholme. 2009. “Rapid Prototyping a Virtual Fire Drill Environment Using Computer Game Technology.” Fire Safety Journal44 (4): 559–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub, A.2011. “The Effect of Lexical Predictability on Distributions of Eye Fixation Durations.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review18 (2): 371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, C. H., W. T.Wu, and C. Y.Lin. 2009. “Using Virtual Reality to Determine How Emergency Signs Facilitate Way-Finding.” Applied Ergonomics40 (4): 722–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, P. A., and E. W.Marchant. 1995. “A Computer Model for the Evacuation of Large Building Populations.” Fire Safety Journal24 (2): 131–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., H.Prendinger, and T.Igarashi. 2004. “Communicating Emotions in Online Chat Using Physiological Sensors and Animated Text.” In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference for Human-Computer Interaction, 1171–1174. Vienna: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, G. M.2001. “Psychophysiological Indicators of the Impact of Media Quality on Users.” In Proceedings of CHI 2001 Doctoral Consortium, Seattle, WA, USA, 95–96. New York: ACM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zwahlen, H. T.1991. “Eye Scanning Rules for Drivers: How Do They Compare with Actual Observed Eye Scanning Behaviour.” Transportation Research Record1403: 14–22.
   Google Scholar