Drivers' and non-drivers' performance in a change detection task with static driving scenes: is there a benefit of experience?

REFERENCES

• Aimola Davies, A. M., S.Waterman, R. C.White, and M.Davies. 2013. “When You Fail to See What You Were Told to Look For: Inattentional Blindness and Task Instructions.” Consciousness and Cognition22 (1): 221–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cañal-Bruland, R., S.Lotz, N.Hagemann, J.Schorer, and B.Strauss. 2011. “Visual Span and Change Detection in Soccer: An Expertise Study.” Journal of Cognitive Psychology23 (3): 302–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, P., and G.Underwood. 1998. “Visual Search of Driving Situations: Danger and Experience.” Perception27 (8): 951–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, M. M., and Y.Jiang. 1999. “Top-Down Attentional Guidance Based on Implicit Learning of Visual Covariation.” Psychological Science10 (4): 360–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clabaux, N., T.Brenac, C.Perrin, J.Magnin, B.Canu, and P.Van Elslande. 2012. “Motorcyclists' Speed and ‘Looked-but-Failed-to-See’ Accidents.” Accident Analysis and Prevention49: 73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D.2009. “A Measure of Experience: The Deceleration Detection Flicker Task.” Ergonomics52 (6): 674–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D., E.Crundall, D.Clarke, and A.Shahar. 2012. “Why Do Car Drivers Fail to Give Way to Motorcyclists at T-junction?” Accident Analysis and Prevention44 (1): 88–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D., and G.Underwood. 1998. “Effects of Experience and Processing Demands on Visual Information Acquisition in Drivers.” Ergonomics41 (4): 448–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crundall, D., G.Underwood, and P.Chapman. 2002. “Attending to the Peripheral World while Driving.” Applied Cognitive Psychology16 (4): 459–475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeth, H. E., and S.Yantis. 1997. “Visual Attention: Control, Representation and Time Course.” Annual Review of Psychology48 (1): 269–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, G.2011. “Examining the Effect of Advertisements on the Perception of a Road Scene: A Comparison of Change Blindness in Drivers and Non-Drivers.” MMU Psychological Journal (Dissertations) UK . http://www.did.stu.mmu.ac.uk/MMU_Psychology_Dissertations_UK/2011dissertations/RtoZ/Salford/Frost%20(Georgina)%202011%20(Salford)%20Quantitative.pdf/file_view.
   Google Scholar
• Galpin, A., G.Underwood, and D.Crundall. 2009. “Change Blindness in Driving Scenes.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour12 (2): 179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, J.1996. “On the Failure to Detect Changes in Scenes across Saccades.” In Perception, edited by K.Akins, 89–110. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Groff, L. S., and A. Chaparro. 2003. “Effects of Experience and Task Relevance on the Ability to Detect Changes in a Real-World Task.” Paper presented at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, October 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, B. L.1980. “Vision, Visibility, and Perception in Driving.” Perception9 (2): 183–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. T., B. C.Jones, H.Smith, and N.Copley. 2003. “A Flicker Paradigm for Inducing Change Blindness Reveals Alcohol and Cannabis Information Processing Biases in Social Users.” Addiction98 (2): 235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koustanaï, A., P. V.Elslande, and C.Bastien. 2012. “Use of Change Blindness to Measure Different Abilities to Detect Relevant Changes in Natural Driving Scenes.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour15 (3): 233–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, M. F., and D. N.Lee. 1994. “Where We Look When We Steer.” Nature369 (6483): 742–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibowitz, H. W.1996. “The Symbiosis between Basic and Applied Research.” American Psychologist51 (4): 366–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitroff, S. R., D. J.Simons, and S. L.Franconeri. 2002. “The Siren Song of Implicit Change Detection.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance28 (4): 798–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, A. S., and L. M. Trick. 2012. “Effect of Vantage Point on Change Detection in Road Traffic Scenes.” Paper presented at the Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science (CSBBCS) 22nd Annual Meeting, Kinston, CA, June 7–9.
   Google Scholar
• O'Regan, J. K., H.Deubel, J. J.Clark, and R. A.Rensink. 2000. “Picture Changes during Blinks: Looking without Seeing and Seeing without Looking.” Visual Cognition7 (1–3): 191–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Regan, J. K., R. A.Rensink, and J. J.Clark. 1999. “Change-Blindness as a Result of ‘Mudsplashes’.” Nature398 (6722): 34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkhurst, D., K.Law, and E.Niebur. 2002. “Modeling the Role of Salience in the Allocation of Overt Visual Attention.” Vision Research42 (1): 107–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, P. M., and E. G.Schaefer. 2005. “Toupee or Not Toupee? The Role of Instructional Set, Centrality, and Relevance in Change Blindness.” Visual Cognition12 (8): 1528–1543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer, B., B.Mehler, Y.Wang, and J. F.Coughlin. 2012. “A Field Study on the Impact of Variations in Short Term Memory Demands on Drivers' Visual Attention and Driving Performance across Three Age Groups.” Human Factors54 (3): 454–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reingold, E. M., N.Charness, M.Pomplun, and D. M.Stampe. 2001. “Visual Span in Expert Chess Players: Evidence from Eye Movements.” Psychological Science12 (1): 48–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rensink, R. A., J. K.O'Regan, and J. J.Clark. 1997. “To See or Not to See: The Need for Attention to Perceive Changes in Scenes.” Psychological Science8 (5): 368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumar, K.1990. “The Basic Driver Error: Late Detection.” Ergonomics33 (10–11): 1281–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J.2000. “Attentional Capture and Inattentional Blindness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences4 (4): 147–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J., and D. T.Levin. 1997. “Change Blindness.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences1 (7): 261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J., and R.Rensink. 2005. “Change Blindness: Past, Present, and Future.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences9 (1): 16–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilek, D., J. D.Eastwood, and P. M.Merikle. 2000. “Does Unattended Information Facilitate Change Detection?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance26 (2): 480–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes, J.1994. “Endogenous and Exogenous Control of Visual Selection.” Perception23 (4): 429–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood, G., P.Chapman, K.Bowden, and D.Crundall. 2002. “Visual Search while Driving: Skill and Awareness during Inspection of the Scene.” Transportation Research Part F: Psychology and Behaviour5 (2): 87–97.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, G., P.Chapman, N.Brocklehurst, J.Underwood, and D.Crundall. 2003. “Visual Attention while Driving: Sequences of Eye Fixations Made by Experienced and Novice Drivers.” Ergonomics46 (6): 629–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, S., and B.Thies. 2000. “Is ‘Change Blindness’ Attenuated by Domain Specific Expertise? An Expert-Novices Comparison of Change Detection in Football Images.” Visual Cognition7 (1–3): 163–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetton, M. A., M. S.Horswill, C.Hatherly, J.Wood, N. A.Pachana, and K. J.Anstey. 2010. “The Development and Validation of Two Complementary Measures of Drivers' Hazard Perception Ability.” Accident Analysis and Prevention42 (4): 1232–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, C., and J.Caird. 2010. “The Blind Date: The Effects of Change Blindness, Passenger Conversation and Gender on Looked-but-Failed-to-See (LBFTS) Errors.” Accident Analysis and Prevention42 (6): 1822–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikman, A., T.Nieminen, and H.Summala. 1998. “Driving Experience and Time-Sharing during In-Car Tasks on Roads of Different Width.” Ergonomics41 (3): 358–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M., M.Chattington, and D. E.Marple-Horvat. 2008. “Eye Movements Drive Steering: Reduced Eye Movement Distribution Impairs Steering and Driving Performance.” Journal of Motor Behavior40 (3): 190–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinsky, G. J., and L. C.Loschky. 2005. “Eye Movements Serialize Memory for Objects in Scenes.” Perception and Psychophysics67 (4): 676–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar