A multi-level analysis of the effects of age and gender stereotypes on trust in anthropomorphic technology by younger and older adults

References

• American Diabetes Association. 2011. “Statistics About Diabetes.” Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/?loc = db-slabnav.
   Google Scholar
• Banaji, M., and C. D.Hardin. 1996. “Automatic Stereotyping.” Psychological Science7 (3): 136–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaji, M. R., C.Hardin, and A. J.Rothman. 1993. “Implicit Stereotyping in Person Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology65 (2): 272–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickmore, T.2011. “Etiquette in Motivational Agents.” In Human-Computer Etiquette: Cultural Expectations and the Design Implications They Place on Computers and Technology, edited by C. C.Hayes and C. A.Miller, 206–226. Boca Raton: Auerbach.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, D. E.1971. The Attraction Paradigm (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casper, C., K.Rothermund, and D.Wentura. 2011. “The Activation of Specific Facets of Age Stereotypes Depends on Individuating Information.” Social Cognition29 (4): 393–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, J. N., and G.Hollmann. 1990. “The Effects of the Age-Type of Tasks and Incumbent Age Compositions on Job Perceptions.” Journal of Vocational Behaviour36 (2): 181–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J., M. I.Norton, and S. T.Fiske. 2005. “This Old Stereotype: The Pervasiveness and Persistence of the Elderly Stereotype.” Journal of Social Issues61 (2): 267–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja, S. J., and J.Sharit. 1998. “Age Differences in Attitudes toward Computers.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences53 (5): 329–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeArmond, S., M.Tye, P. Y.Chen, A.Krauss, D.Apryl Rogers, and E.Sintek. 2006. “Age and Gender Stereotypes: New Challenges in a Changing Workplace and Workforce.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology36 (9): 2184–2214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P. G.1989. “Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology56 (1): 5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucquer, M. H., and P. G.McNally. 1998. Diabetes Management: Step by Step. Osney Mead, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
   Google Scholar
• Dzindolet, M. T., S. A.Peterson, R. A.Pomranky, L. G.Pierce, and H. P.Beck. 2003. “The Role of Trust in Automation Reliance.” International Journal of Human Computer Studies58 (6): 697–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzindolet, M. T., L. G.Pierce, H. P.Beck, and L. A.Dawe. 2002. “The Perceived Utility of Human and Automated Aids in a Visual Detection Task.” Human Factors44 (1): 79–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, L. M., and M. J.Burke. 1998. “Age Stereotyping at Work: The Role of Rater and Contextual Factors on Evaluations of Job Applicants.” The Journal of General Psychology125 (4): 317–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T.1998. “Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by D. T.Gilbert, S. T.Fiske, and G.Linclzey. 4th ed.New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J. T., R. M.Anderson, M. M.Funnell, R. G.Hiss, G. E.Hess, W. K.Davis, and P. A.Barr. 1998. “The Reliability and Validity of a Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test.” Diabetes Care21 (5): 706–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., and M. R.Banaji. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review102 (1): 4–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, C. C., and C. A.Miller. 2011. Human-Computer Etiquette: Cultural Expectations and the Design Implications They Place on Computers and Technology. Boca Raton: Auerbach.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton, J. L., and W.von Hippel. 1996. “Stereotypes.” Annual Review of Psychology47 (1): 237–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, G., D.Wheatley, and C. T.Scialfa. 2005. “Age Differences in Trust and Reliance of a Medication Management System.” Interacting with Computers17 (6): 690–710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L., and M. J.Rovine. 2007. “Multilevel Models for the Experimental Psychologist: Foundations and Illustrative Examples.” Behaviour Research Methods39 (1): 101–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J., and T. M.Bechger. 1998. “An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling.” Family Science Review11: 354–373.
   Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J., I. G. G.Kreft, and P. L. J.Hermkens. 1991. “The Analysis of Factorial Surveys.” Sociological Methods & Research19: 493–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D., J.Gardner, and J.Wiles. 2004. “Experience as a Moderator of the Media Equation: The Impact of Flattery and Praise.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies61 (3): 237–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite, M. E., K.Deaux, and M.Miele. 1991. “Stereotypes of Young and Old: Does Age Outweigh Gender?” Psychology and Aging6 (1): 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite, M. E., G. D.Stockdale, B. E.Whitley, and B. T.Johnson. 2005. “Attitudes toward younger and Older Adults: An Updated Meta-analytic Review.” Journal of Social Issues61 (2): 241–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, Z., and B.Sherman-Williams. 1993. “Stereotypes and the Construal of Individuating Information.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin19 (1): 90–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunda, Z., and P.Thagard. 1996. “Forming Impressions from Stereotypes, Traits, and Behaviours: A Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Theory.” Psychological Review103 (2): 284–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. J.2003. “Effects of ‘Gender’ of the Computer on Informational Social Influence: The Moderating Role of Task Type.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies58 (4): 347–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E.-J.2010. “The More Humanlike, the Better? How Speech Type and Users' Cognitive Style Affect Social Responses to Computers.” Computers in Human Behaviour26 (4): 665–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. D., and N.Moray. 1994. “Trust, Self-confidence, and Operators' Adaptation to Automation.” International Journal of Human Computer Studies40 (1): 153–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. D., and K. A.See. 2004. “Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance.” Human Factors46 (1): 50–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan, P., D. A.Wiegmann, and F. C.Lacson. 2006. “Automation Failures on Tasks Easily Performed by Operators Undermine Trust in Automated Aids.” Human Factors48 (2): 241–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marakas, G. M., R. D.Johnson, and J. W.Palmer. 2000. “A Theoretical Model of Differential Social Attributions toward Computing Technology: When the Metaphor Becomes the Model.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies52 (4): 719–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinstry, B., and S. Y.Yang. 1994. “Do Patients Care about the Age of Their General Practitioner? A Questionnaire Survey in Five Practices.” The British Journal of General Practice44 (385): 349–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, S. M., H.Heimbaugh, and J.LaChapell. 2012. “I Trust It, but I Don't Know Why: Effects of Implicit Attitudes toward Automation on Trust in an Automated System.” Human Factors55 (3): 520–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt, S. M., and D. R.Ilgen. 2008. “Not All Trust Is Created Equal: Dispositional and History-Based Trust in Human Automation Interactions.” Human Factors50 (2): 194–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosier, K. L., L. J.Skitka, M. D.Burdick, and S. T.Heers. 1996. “Automation Bias, Accountability, and Verification Behaviours.” In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting40 (4): 204–208.
   Google Scholar
• Mouloua, M., J. A. -A.Smither, D. A.Vincenzi, and L.Smith. 2002. “Automation and Aging: Issues and Considerations.” Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research2: 213–237.
   Google Scholar
• Nass, C., J. Steuer, and E. R. Tauber. 1994. “Computers Are Social Actors.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Celebrating Interdependence, 72–78.
   Google Scholar
• Pak, R., N.Fink, M.Price, B.Bass, and L.Sturre. 2012. “Decision Support Aids with Anthropomorphic Characteristics Influence Trust and Performance in Younger and Older Adults.” Ergonomics55 (9): 1059–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parasuraman, R., and C. A.Miller. 2004. “Trust and Etiquette in High-Criticality Automated Systems.” Communications of the ACM47 (4): 51–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdue, C. W., and M. B.Gurtman. 1990. “Evidence for the Automaticity of Ageism.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology26 (3): 199–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posthuma, R. A., and M. A.Campion. 2009. “Age Stereotypes in the Workplace: Common Stereotypes, Moderators, and Future Research Directions?” Journal of Management35 (1): 158–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, L., and I.Benbasat. 2009. “Evaluating Anthropomorphic Product Recommendation Agents: A Social Relationship Perspective to Designing Information Systems.” Journal of Management Information Systems25 (4): 145–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., and A. S.Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Real Softtware. 2013. [Computer software]. Austin, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, B., and T. H.Jerdee. 1976. “The Nature of Job-Related Age Stereotypes.” Journal of Applied Psychology61 (2): 180–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, P. H., and A. B.Anderson. 1982. “The Factorial Survey Approach: An Introduction.” In Measuring Social Judgments, edited by P. H.Rossi and S. L.Nock. Beverly: HillsSage.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira, E., K.McGarry, and R.Parasuraman. 2007. “Effects of Imperfect Automation on Decision Making in a Simulated Command and Control Task.” Human Factors49 (1): 76–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röttger, S., K.Bali, and D.Manzey. 2009. “Impact of Automated Decision Aids on Performance, Operator Behaviour and Workload in a Simulated Supervisory Control Task.” Ergonomics52 (5): 512–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, R., and J.Ogden. 2006. “What's in a Face? The Role of Doctor Ethnicity, Age and Gender in the Formation of Patients' Judgements: An Experimental Study.” Patient Education and Counseling60 (2): 136–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, M. S.1986. “Age Stereotypes as a Function of Profession.” The Journal of Social Psychology126 (5): 691–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, I. L., R.Molloy, and R.Parasuraman. 1993. “Individual Differences in Monitoring Failures of Automation.” The Journal of General Psychology120 (3): 357–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skitka, L., K.Mosier, and M.Burdick. 1999. “Does Automation Bias Decision-Making?” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies51 (5): 991–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., and L. S.Fidell. 2007. “Multi-Level Linear Modeling.” In Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th ed., 781–857. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wickens, C. D., and S. R.Dixon. 2007. “The Benefits of Imperfect Diagnostic Automation: A Synthesis of the Literature.” Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science8 (3): 201–212.
   Google Scholar
• Wrenn, K. A., and T. J.Maurer. 2004. “Beliefs about Older Workers' Learning and Development Behavior in Relation to Beliefs about Malleability of Skills, Age-Related Decline, and Control.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology34 (2): 223–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee, N., J. N.Bailenson, and K.Rickertsen. 2007. “A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of the Inclusion and Realism of Human-Like Faces on User Experiences in Interfaces.” In Presented at the CHI 07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, T., B.Zhu, and D. B.Kaber. 2011. “Anthropomorphism and Social Robots.” In Human-Computer Etiquette: Cultural Expectations and the Design Implications They Place on Computers and Technology, edited by C. C.Hayes and C. A.Miller, 231–255. Boca Raton: Auerbach.
   Google Scholar