Are elderly construction workers sufficiently fit for heavy manual labour?

References

• ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine). 2009. “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults.” Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise41 (3): 687–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavinia, S. M, C.van Duivenbooden, and A.Burdof. 2007. “Influence of Work-Related Factors and Individual Characteristics in Work Ability among Dutch Construction Workers.” Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health33 (5): 251–357.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt, V., D.Rothenbacher, U.Daniel, B.Zschenderlein, S.Schuberth, and H.Brenner. 2005. “Construction Work and Risk of Occupational Disability: A Ten Year Follow-Up of 14 474 Male Workers.” Occupational & Environmental Medicine62 (8): 559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åstrand, I., P.-O.Åstrand, I.Hallbäck, and Å.Kilbom. 1973. “Reduction in Maximal Oxygen Uptake with Age.” Journal of Applied Physiology35 (5): 649–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åstrand, P.-O., and K.Rodahl. 1986. Textbook of Work Physiology. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Åstrand, P.-O., K.Rodahl, H. A.Dahl, and S. B.Strømme. 2003. Textbook of Work Physiology. 4th ed.Champaign: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Benestad, A. M.1973. “Effect of Physical Activity on the Age Dependent Reduction in Work Capacity.” Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening93 (16): 1213–1217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bink, B.1962. “The Physical Working Capacity in Relation to Working Time and Age.” Ergonomics5 (1): 25–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon, R. W.2012. “Are Hand-Grip and Knee Extension Strength Reflective of a Common Construct?” Perceptual and Motor Skills114 (2): 514–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, H., and V.Ahern. 2000. “Sickness Absence and Early Retirement on Health Grounds in the Construction Industry in Ireland.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine57 (9): 615–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. D.2009. “Safety and Ergonomic Consideration for an Aging Workforce in the US.” Work33 (3): 307–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong, X. S., X.Wang, C.Daw, and K.Ringen. 2011. “Functional Limitations Among Older Construction Workers in the United States: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine53 (4): 372–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., and M. M.Rahaman. 1967. “The Assessment of the Amount of Fat in the Human Body From Measurements of Skinfold Thickness.” British Journal of Nutrition21 (3): 681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., and J.Womersly. 1974. “Body Fat Assessment from Total Density and Its Estimation from Skinfold Thickness: Measurements on 481 Men and Women Aged from 16 to 72 Years.” British Journal of Nutrition32 (1): 77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Era, P., A. L.Lyyra, J. T.Viitasalo, and E.Heikkinen. 1992. “Determinants of Isometric Muscle Strength in Men of Different Ages.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology64 (1): 84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, J. A., L. M.Larkin, D.Claflin, and S. V.Brooks. 2007. “Age-Related Changes in the Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles.” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology34 (11): 1091–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, L., K.McKenna, M.Turpin, S.Allen, and J.Liddle. 2009. “Older Workers: An Exploration of the Benefits, Barriers and Adaptations for Older People in the Workforce.” Work33 (3): 261–272. 10.3233/WOR-2009-0874.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frontera, W.R, V. A.Hughes, K. J.Lutz, and W. J.Evans. 1991. “A Cross-Sectional Study of Muscle Strength and Mass in 45- to 78-yr-Old Men and Women. Journal of Applied Physiology ( 1985) 71 (2): 644–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gall, B., and B.Parkhouse. 2004. “Changes in Physical Capacity as a Function of Age in Heavy Manual Work.” Ergonomics43 (7): 671–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber, C. E., B.Blissmer, M. R.Deschenes, B. A.Franklin, M. J.Lamonte, I. M.Lee, D. C.Nieman, D. P.Swain, and American College of Sports Medicine. 2011. “American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise.” Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise43 (7): 1334–1359. 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gram, B., U.Bultmann, G.Sjøgaard, and K.Søgard. 2012. “Does an Exercise Intervention Improving Aerobic Capacity among Construction Workers Also Improve Musculoskeletal Pain, Work Ability, Productivity, Perceived Physical Exertion, and Sick Leave? A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine54 (12): 1520–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gram, B., A.Holtermann, K.Søgaard, and G.Sjøgaard. 2012. “Effect of Individualized Worksite Exercise Training on Aerobic Capacity and Muscle Strength among Construction Workers – A Randomized Controlled Intervention Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health38 (5): 467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halson, S., and A. E.Jeukendrup. 2004. “Does Overtraining Exist? An Analysis of Overreaching and Overtraining Research.” Sports Medicine34 (14): 967–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatle, H., P. K.Støbakk, H. E.Mølmen, E.Brønstad, A. E.Tjønna, S.Steinshamn, E.Skogvoll, U.Wisløff, C. B.Ingul, and ØRognmo. 2014. “Effect of 24 Sessions of High-Intensity Aerobic Interval Training Carried Out at Either High or Moderate Frequency, a Randomized Trial.” PLoS One9 (2): e88375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtermann, A., J. V.Hansen, H.Burr, K.Søgaard, and G.Sjøgaard. 2012. “The Health Paradox of Occupational and Leisure-Time Physical Activity.” British Journal of Sports Medicine46 (4): 291–295. 10.1136/bjsm.2010.079582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtermann, A., O. S.Mortensen, H.Burr, K.Søgaard, F.Gyntelberg, and P.Suadicani. 2010. “Physical Demands at Work, Physical Fitness, and 30-Year Ischaemic Heart Disease and All-Cause Mortality in the Copenhagen Male Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health36 (5): 357–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J.1988. “Physiological Criteria for Retirement Age.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health14 (Suppl. 1): 88–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J.1992. “Job Design for the Aged with Regard to the Decline in Their Maximal Aerobic Capacity: Part I – Guidelines for the Practitioner.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics10 (1–2): 53–63.
   Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J.1997. “Aging and Work – Coping with Strengths and Weaknesses.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health23 (Suppl. 1): 3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J.2001. “Aging Workers.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine58 (8): 546–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J., V.Louhevaara, O.Korhonen, C. H.Nygård, and S.Suvanto. 1991. “Changes in Maximal Cardiorespiratory Capacity Among Aging Municipal Employees.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health17 (Suppl. 1): 99–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilmarinen, J., T.Pohjonen, and V.Louhevaara. 1996. “Habitual Physical Activity, Psychomotor Performance, and Older Workers.” Nutrition Reviews54 (4): S44–S52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, A., E.Beard, L.Wier, R.Ross, J.Stuteville, and S.Blair. 1995. “Changes in Aerobic Power of Men, Aged 25–70 yr.” Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise27 (1): 113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, A., L.Wier, G.Ayers, E.Beard, J.Stuteville, and S.Blair. 1996. “Changes in Aerobic Power of Women, Aged 20–64 yr.” Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise28 (7): 884–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jebens, E., J. I.Medbø, O.Knudsen, A.Mamen, and K. B.Veiersted. 2014. “Association Between Perceived Present Working Conditions and Demands Versus Attitude to Early Retirement among Construction Workers.” Work48 (2): 217–228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, R. W.2004. “Trends in Job Demands Among Older Workers, 1992–2002.” Monthly Labor Review127 (7): 48–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen, K.1985. “Permissible Loads Based on Energy Expenditure Measurements.” Ergonomics28 (1): 365–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlqvist, L., O.Leijon, and A.Härenstam. 2003. “Physical Demands in Working Life and Individual Physical Capacity.” European Journal of Applied Physiology89 (6): 536–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, K., and M.Engelhardt. 2013. “Strength and Muscle Mass Loss with Aging Process. Age and Strength Loss.” Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal3 (4): 346–350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenny, G. P., J. E.Yardley, L.Martineau, and O.Jay. 2008. “Physical Work Capacity in Older Adults: Implications for the Aging Worker.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine51 (8): 610–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., L. J.Steiner, and D. J.Schwerha. 2005. “Safety Considerations for the Aging Workforce.” Safety Science43 (10): 779–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, P. U, K. M.Wadell, E. J.Jakobsen, L. U.Burlin, and K. B.Henriksson-Larsén. 2004. “Validation of the MetaMax II Portable Metabolic Measurement System.” International Journal of Sports Medicine25 (2): 115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louhevaara, V.1999. “Is the Physical Work Load Equal for Ageing and Young Blue-Collar Workers?” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics24 (5): 559–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medbø, J. I.2002. “Examination of the Time Response of the MetaMax I and II Metabolic Analysers at the Onset and End of Exercise.” Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis7: 50–60.
   Google Scholar
• Medbø, J. I., A.Mamen, and F.Beltrami. 2012. “Examination of the Moxus Modular Metabolic System by the Douglas-Bag Technique.” Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism37 (5): 860–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medbø, J. I., A.Mamen, O. H.Olsen, and F.Evertsen. 2000. “Examination of Four Different Instruments for Measuring of Blood Lactate Concentration.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation60 (5): 367–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medbø, J. I., A.Mamen, and G. K.Resaland. 2012. “New Examination of MetaMax I Metabolic Analyser by the Douglas-Bag Technique.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation72 (2): 158–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medbø, J. I., A.Mamen, B.Welde, E.von Heimburg, and R.Stokke. 2002. “Examination of the Metamax I and II Oxygen Analyzer During Exercise Studies in the Laboratory.” Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation62 (8): 585–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millanvoye, M.1998. “Aging of the Organism Before Sixty Years of Age.” In I Working with Age, edited by J. C.Marquie, D.Paumes Cau-Bareille, and S.Volkoff, 133–161. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Møller, A., S.Reventlow, and Å. M.Hansen. 2013. “Does a History of Physical Exposures at Work Affect Hand-Grip Strength in Midlife? A Retrospective Cohort Study in Denmark.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health39 (6): 599–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nes, B., I.Janszky, U.Wisløff, A.Støylen, and T.Karlsen. 2013. “Age-Predicted Maximal Heart Rate in Healthy Subjects: The HUNT Fitness Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports23 (6): 697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygård, C-H., L.Eskelinen, S.Suvanto, K.Tuomi, J.Ilmarinen. 1991. Associations between functional capacity and work ability among elderly municipal employees. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health17 (Suppl. 1): 122–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygård, C.-H., Å.Kilbom, E.Wigeaus Hjelm, and J.Winkel. 1994. “Life-time occupational exposure to heavy work and individual physical capacity.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics14 (4): 365–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygård, C.-H., T.Luopajärvi, T.Suurnäkki, and J.Ilmarinen. 1988. “Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance of Middle-Aged Woman and Men Associated to Type, Duration and Intensity of Muscular Load at Work.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health60 (4): 291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oja, P.2001. “Dose Response Between Total Volume of Physical Activity and Health and Fitness.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Execise33 (Suppl. 6): S428–S437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oude Hengel, K. M., B. M.Blatter, H. F.van den Molen, P. M.Bongers, and A. J.van den Beek. 2013. “The Effectiveness of a Construction Worksite Prevention Program on Work Ability, Health, and Sick Leave: Results from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health39 (5): 456–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, S. E., N.Massy-Westopp, and A. M.Evans. 2011. “Reliability and Validity of Indices of Hand-Grip Strength and Endurance.” Australian Occupational Therapy Journal58 (2): 82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, M. A., J. M.Hagberg, W. H.Martin3rd, A. A.Ehsani, and J. O.Holloszy. 1990. “Decline in VO2max with Aging in Master Athletes and Sedentary Men.” Journal of Applied Physiology68 (5): 2195–2199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savinainen, M., C.-H.Nygård, and H.Arola. 2004. “Physical Capacity and Work Ability among Middle-Aged Women in Physically Demanding Work – A 10-Year Follow-Up Study.” Advances in Physiotherapy6 (3): 110–121.
   Google Scholar
• Schibye, B., A. F.Hansen, K.Søgaard, and H.Christensen. 2001. “Aerobic Power and Muscle Strength Among Young and Elderly Workers With and Without Physically Demanding Work.” Applied Ergonomics32 (5): 425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein, M.2008. “Meeting the Challenges of an Aging Workforce.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine51 (4): 269–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri, W. E.1956. Body Composition from Fluid Spaces and Density: Analysis of Methods. Technical Report, Radiation Lab., Donner Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Physics. Berkeley: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. 2006. Norwegian Survey of Living. Accessed August 27, 2014. https://www.ssb.no/statistikkbanken.
   Google Scholar
• Torgén, M., L.Punnett, L.Alfredsson, and Å.Kilbom. 1999. “Physical Capacity in Relation to Present and Past Physical Load at Work: A Study of 484 Men and Women Aged 41 to 58 Years.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine36 (3): 388–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomi, K., J.Ilmarinen, L.Martikainen, L.Aalto, and M.Klockars. 1997. “Aging, Work. Life-Style and Work Ability among Finnish Municipal Workers in 1981–1992.” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health23 (Suppl 1): 58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. 1993. Aging and Working Capacity: Report of a WHO Study Group, Technical Report Series No 835. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Wroblewski, A. P., F.Amati, M. A.Smiley, B.Goodplaster, and V.Wright. 2011. “Chronic Exercise Preserves Lean Muscle Mass in Masters Athletes.” The Physician and Sportsmedicine39 (3): 172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H. C., and J.Wang. 2002. “Relationship Between Maximum Acceptable Work Time and Physical Workload.” Ergonomics45 (4): 280–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeatts, D. E., W. E.Folts, and J.Knapp. 1999. “Older Workers' Adaptation to a Changing Workplace: Employment Issues for the 21st Century.” Educational Gerontology25 (4): 331–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar