A biomechanical and subjective comparison of two powered ambulance cots

References

• BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2010. Annual Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcdnew.htm BLS.
   Google Scholar
• Borg, G. 1998. Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Chaffin, D. B., and G. Andersson. 1991. Occupational Biomechanics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, G., and E. Ghassemieh. 2007. “Risk Assessment of Patient Handling with Ambulance Stretcher Systems (Ramp/(Winch), Easi-Loader, Tail-Lift) Using Biomechanical Failure Criteria.” Medical Engineering and Physics 29 (7): 775–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredericks, T. K., S. E. Butt, and A. Hovenkamp. 2009. “The Impact of Gurney Design on EMS Personnel.” Paper presented at the 21st Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference, Dallas, TX, June 11-12.
   Google Scholar
• Furber, S., H. Moore, M. Williamson, and J. Barry. 1997. “Injuries to Ambulance Officers Caused by Patient Handling Tasks.” Journal of Occupational Health Safety 13 (3): 259–265.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, C., O. Vasseljen, and R. H. Westgaard. 1993. “The Influence of Electrode Position on Bipolar Surface Electromyogram Recordings of the Upper Trapezius Muscle.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 67 (3): 266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluth, K., and H. Strasser. 2006. “Ergonomics in the Rescue Service: Ergonomic Evaluation of Ambulance Cots.” International Journal of Industrial Engineering: Theory, Applications and Practice 36: 247–256.
   Google Scholar
• Lavender, S. A., K. M. Conrad, P. A. Reichelt, J. Gacki-Smith, and A. K. Kohok. 2007. “Designing Ergonomic Interventions for EMS Workers, Part I: Transporting Patients down the Stairs.” Applied Ergonomics 38 (1): 71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender, S. A., K. M. Conrad, P. A. Reichelt, P. W. Johnson, and F. T. Meyer. 2000. “Biomechanical Analyses of Paramedics Simulating Frequently Performed Strenuous Work Tasks.” Applied Ergonomics 31 (2): 167–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, B. J., K. L. Hunting, T. L. Guidotti, and G. S. Smith. 2005. “Occupational Injuries among Emergency Medical Services Personnel.” Prehospital Emergency Care 9 (4): 405–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDowell, M. A., C. D. Fryar, C. L. Ogden, and K. M. Flegal. 2008. Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2003–2006. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services.
   Google Scholar
• Mirka, G. A., and W. S. Marras. 1993. “A Stochastic Model of Trunk Muscle Coactivation during Trunk Bending.” Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 18 (11): 1396–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitcher, M. J., D. G. Behm, and S. N. MacKinnon. 2008. “Reliability of Electromyographic and Force Measures during Prone Isometric Back Extension in Subjects with and without Low Back Pain.” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1139/H07-132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichard, A. A., and L. L. Jackson. 2010. “Occupational Injuries among Emergency Responders.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53 (1): 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderberg, G. L. 1991. Selected Topics in Surface Electromyography for Use in the Occupational Setting: Expert Perspectives. DHHS/CDC/NIOSH.
   Google Scholar
• Sommerich, C. M., S. A. Lavender, R. Z. Radin Umar, P. Le, J. Mehta, P. L. Ko, R. Farfan, M. Dutt, and S. Park. 2012. “A Biomechanical and Subjective Assessment and Comparison of Three Ambulance Cot Design Configurations.” Ergonomics 55 (11): 1350–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studnek, J. R., J. Crawford, and A. R. Fernandez. 2012. “Evaluation of Occupational Injuries in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System before and after Implementation of Electrically Powered Stretchers.” Applied Ergonomics 43 (1): 198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, T. R., V. Putz-Anderson, A. Garg, and L. J. Fine. 1993. “Revised NIOSH Equation for the Design and Evaluation of Manual Lifting Tasks.” Ergonomics 36 (7): 749–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar