The effects of military body armour on the lower back and knee mechanics during box drop and prone to standing tasks

References

• Adams, A. A. III. 2010. “Effects of Extremity Armor on Metabolic Cost and Gait Biomechanics.” Master of Science thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Blacker, S. D., J. L. Fallowfield, J. L. Bilzon, and M. E. Willems. 2010. “Neuromuscular Function Following Prolonged Load Carriage on Level and Downhill Gradients.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 81 (8): 745–753.10.3357/ASEM.2659.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, R. J., H. P. Crowell III, and I. M. Davis. 2003. “Lower Extremity Stiffness: Implications for Performance and Injury.” Clinical Biomechanics 18 (6): 511–517.10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00071-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. P., C. Brown, C. Kurihara, A. Plunkett, C. Nguyen, and S. A. Strassels. 2010. “Diagnoses and Factors Associated with Medical Evacuation and Return to Duty for Service Members Participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom: A Prospective Cohort Study.” The Lancet 375 (9711): 301–309.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61797-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, D. N., S. A. Bedno, N. Urban, D. S. Lee, and D. W. Niebuhr. 2012. “Step Test Performance and Risk of Stress Fractures among Female Army Trainees.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 42 (6): 620–624.10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, C., and F. Dupont. 2004. The Modern Warrior’s Combat Load, Dismounted Operations in Afghanistan. Natick, MA: US Army Center for Army Lessons Learned, US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command, Natick Soldier Center.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, M. J., M. R. Torry, D. J. Wyland, W. I. Sterett, and J. Richard Steadman. 2003. “Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics, Kinetics and Energy Absorption during Landing.” Clinical Biomechanics 18 (7): 662–669.10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00090-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMaio, M., J. Onate, D. Swain, S. Morrison, S. Ringleb, and D. Naiak. 2009. Physical Performance Decrements in Military Personnel Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Human Performance Enhancement for NATO Military Operations. RTO-MP-HFM-181. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a567881.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Deuster, P. A., B. H. Jones, and J. Moore. 1997. “Patterns and Risk Factors for Exercise-related Injuries in Women: A Military Perspective.” Military Medicine 162 (10): 649–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuerstein, M., S. M. Berkowitz, and C. A. Peck Jr. 1997. “Musculoskeletal-related Disability in US Army Personnel: Prevalence, Gender, and Military Occupational Specialties.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39 (1): 68–78.10.1097/00043764-199701000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, H. 2009. United States Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Washington, DC: Library of Congress Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, E., P. Frykman, C. Pandorf, W. Tharion, and R. Mello. 1999. Physiological, Biomechanical, and Maximal Performance Comparisons of Female Soldiers Carrying Loads Using Prototype US Marine Corps Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) with Interceptor Body Armor and US Army All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE) with PASGT Body Armor. DTIC Document. Natick, MA: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Hasselquist, L., C. K. Bensel, B. Corner, K. N. Gregorczyk, and J. M. Schiffman. 2008. “Biomechanical and Physiologic Cost of Body Armor.” North American Conference of Biomechanics, Ann Arbor, MI, August 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hauret, K. G., B. H. Jones, S. H. Bullock, M. Canham-Chervak, and S. Canada. 2010. “Musculoskeletal Injuries Description of an Under-recognized Injury Problem among Military Personnel.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38 (1): S61–S70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headquarter Department of the Army. 1990. Foot Marches, Field Manual, 21-18. Washington, DC: Department of the Army.
   Google Scholar
• Hewett, T. E., G. D. Myer, and K. R. Ford. 2006. “Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes Part 1, Mechanisms and Risk Factors.” American Journal of Sports Medicine 34 (2): 299–311.10.1177/0363546505284183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmeister, E. P., M. Mazurek, and J. Ingari. 2007. “Injuries Sustained to the Upper Extremity Due to Modern Warfare and the Evolution of Care.” The Journal of Hand Surgery 32 (8): 1141–1147.10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, K., K. Biever, K. Burkman, P. DeLuca, L. Jamison, M. Kolb, and A. Sheikh. 2012. Lightening Body Armor: Arroyo Support to the Army Response to Section 125 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011. DTIC Document. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, Arroyo Center.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. H., M. W. Bovee, J. M. Harris, and D. N. Cowan. 1993. “Intrinsic Risk Factors for Exercise-related Injuries among Male and Female Army Trainees.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 21 (5): 705–710.10.1177/036354659302100512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, J. J., K. L. Reynolds, and E. Harman. 2004. “Soldier Load Carriage: Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects.” Military Medicine 169 (1): 45–56.10.7205/MILMED.169.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, J. J., E. A. Harman, R. Steelman, and B. Graham. 2011. “A Systematic Review of the Effects of Physical Training on Load Carriage Performance.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association 26: 585–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konitzer, L. N., M. V. Fargo, T. L. Brininger, and M. Lim Reed. 2008. “Association between Back, Neck, and Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Pain and the Individual Body Armor.” Journal of Hand Therapy 21 (2): 143–149.10.1197/j.jht.2007.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulas, A., P. Zalewski, T. Hortobagyi, and P. DeVita. 2008. “Effects of Added Trunk Load and Corresponding Trunk Position Adaptations on Lower Extremity Biomechanics during Drop-landings.” Journal of Biomechanics 41 (1): 180–185.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.06.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFiandra, M., S. Lynch, P. Frykman, E. Harman, and H. Ramos. 2003. A Comparison of Two Commercial off the Shelf Backpacks to the Modular Lightweight Load Carrying Equipment (MOLLE) in Biomechanics, Metabolic Cost and Performance. Natick, MA: U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Loverro, K. L., T. N. Brown, M. E. Coyne, and J. M. Schiffman. 2015. “Use of Body Armor Protection with Fighting Load Impacts Soldier Performance and Kinematics.” Applied Ergonomics 46: 168–175.10.1016/j.apergo.2014.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancl, L. A., and T. A. DeRouen. 2001. “A Covariance Estimator for Gee with Improved Small‐sample Properties.” Biometrics 57 (1): 126–134.
   Google Scholar
• Millet, G. Y., and R. Lepers. 2004. “Alterations of Neuromuscular Function after Prolonged Running, Cycling and Skiing Exercises.” Sports Medicine 34 (2): 105–11610.2165/00007256-200434020-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCS (Military Contract Solutions). 2007. Cost of Injuries to the Military, Injury Prevention through Leadership. http://www.mcsuniversal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Financial-and-manpower-injury-costs.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Noyes, F. R. 2009. Noyes’ Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, R., R. Pope, V. Johnston, and J. Coyle. 2011. “Load Carriage and Its Force Impact. “Australian Defence Force Journal: Journal of the Australian Profession of Arms 185: 52–63.
   Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, A., and K. O’Sullivan. 2008. “The Effect of Combined Visual Feedback and Verbal Encouragement on Isokinetic Concentric Performance in Healthy Females.” Isokinetics and Exercise Science 16 (1): 47–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandorf, C. E., B. C. Nindl, S. J. Montain, J. W. Castellani, P. N. Frykman, C. D. Leone, and E. A. Harman. 2003. “Reliability Assessment of Two Militarily Relevant Occupational Physical Performance Tests.” Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28 (1): 27–37.10.1139/h03-003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips, M., B. Bazrgari, and R. Shapiro. 2014. “The Effects of Military Body Armor on the Lower Back and Knee Mechanics during Toe-touch and Two-legged Squat Tasks.” Ergonomics 58 (3): 492–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racic, V., A. Pavic, and J. Brownjohn. 2009. “Experimental Identification and Analytical Modelling of Human Walking Forces: Literature Review.” Journal of Sound and Vibration 326 (1–2): 1–49.10.1016/j.jsv.2009.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardi, R., P. A. Deuster, and L. A. Talbot. 2007. “Effects of Gender and Body Adiposity on Physiological Responses to Physical Work While Wearing Body Armor.” Military Medicine 172 (7): 743–748.10.7205/MILMED.172.7.743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardi, R., P. A. Deuster, and L. A. Talbot. 2008. “Metabolic Demands of Body Armor on Physical Performance in Simulated Conditions.” Military Medicine 173 (9): 817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, T. C. 2011. “Diagnoses and Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Injuries in an Infantry Brigade Combat Team Deployed to Afghanistan Evaluated by the Brigade Physical Therapist.” Military Medicine 176 (8): 903–908.10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell, T. C., C. M. Ferris, J. P. Abt, Y. S. Tsai, J. B. Myers, F. H. Fu, and S. M. Lephart. 2007. “Predictors of Proximal Tibia Anterior Shear Force during a Vertical Stop-jump.” Journal of Orthopaedic Research 25 (12): 1589–1597.10.1002/(ISSN)1554-527X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell, T. C., Y. Chu, J. P. Abt, T. Nagai, J. Deluzio, M. A. McGrail, R. S. Rowe, and S. M. Lephart. 2010. “Minimal Additional Weight of Combat Equipment Alters Air Assault Soldiers’ Landing Biomechanics.” Military Medicine 175 (1): 41–47.10.7205/MILMED-D-09-00066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard, R. J. 1988. “PAR-Q, Canadian Home Fitness Test and Exercise Screening Alternatives.” Sports Medicine 5 (3): 185–195.10.2165/00007256-198805030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Songer, T. J., and R. E. LaPorte. 2000. “Disabilities Due to Injury in the Military.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 18 (1): 33–40.10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00107-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang, A. J., J. Haworth, M. Hieronymus, M. Walsh, and L. J. Smart Jr. 2011. “Structural Changes in Postural Sway Lend Insight into Effects of Balance Training, Vision, and Support Surface on Postural Control in a Healthy Population.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 111 (7): 1485–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strowbridge, N. 2002. “Musculoskeletal Injuries in Female Soldiers: Analysis of Cause and Type of Injury.” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 148 (3): 256–258.10.1136/jramc-148-03-06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winter, D. A. 2009. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/9780470549148
   Google Scholar
• Zadpoor, A. A., and A. A. Nikooyan. 2011. “The Relationship between Lower-extremity Stress Fractures and the Ground Reaction Force: A Systematic Review.” Clinical Biomechanics 26 (1): 23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar