Multi-objective analysis for assessing simultaneous changes in regional spinal curvatures under backpack carriage in young adults

References

• Al-Khabbaz, Y., T. Shimada, and M. Hasegawa. 2008. “The Effect of Backpack Heaviness on Trunk-lower Extremity Muscle Activities and Trunk Posture.” Gait & Posture 28: 297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwells, R. L., S. A. Birrell, R. H. Hooper, and N. J. Mansfield. 2006. “Influence of Carrying Heavy Loads on Soldiers’ Posture, Movements and Gait.” Ergonomics 49: 1527–1537.10.1080/00140130600757237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian, S. 2013. Comparison of Angle Measurements between Vicon and Myomotion System. http://www.noraxon.com/wp-conntent/uploads/2015/06/myoMOTION-Validation-Study.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Birrell, S. A., and R. A. Haslam. 2009. “The Effect of Military Load Carriage on 3-D Lower Limb Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters.” Ergonomics 52: 1298–1304.10.1080/00140130903003115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brackley, H. M., J. M. Stevenson, and J. C. Selinger. 2009. “Effect of Backpack Load Placement on Posture and Spinal Curvature in Prepubescent Children.” Work (Reading, Mass.) 32: 351–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chansirinukor, W., D. Wilson, K. Grimmer, and B. Dansie. 2001. “Effects of Backpacks on Students: Measurement of Cervical and Shoulder Posture.” Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 47: 110–116.10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60302-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H., M. L. Kwok, A. Au-Yang, A. D. Holmes, J. C. Cheng, F. Y. Yao, and M. Wong. 2005. “The Effect of Backpack Load on the Gait of Normal Adolescent Girls.” Ergonomics 48: 642–656.10.1080/00140130500070921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., M. L. Y. Kwok, J. C. Y. Cheng, M. L. M. Lao, A. D. Holmes, A. Au-Yang, F. Y. D. Yao, and M. S. Wong. 2006. “The Effect of Backpack Weight on the Standing Posture and Balance of Schoolgirls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Normal Controls.” Gait & Posture 24: 173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., K. T. Y. Leung, and A. D. Holmes. 2007. “Changes in Spinal Curvature and Proprioception of Schoolboys Carrying Different Weights of Backpack.” Ergonomics 50: 2148–2156.10.1080/00140130701459832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., J. M. L. Ting, M. H. Pope, and A. Lai. 2009. “Effects of Backpack Load Placement on Pulmonary Capacities of Normal Schoolchildren during Upright Stance.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39: 703–707.10.1016/j.ergon.2009.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., Z. Y. Ou, X. G. Wang, and A. Lai. 2010. “Short-term Effects of Backpack Load Placement on Spine Deformation and Repositioning Error in Schoolchildren.” Ergonomics 53: 56–64.10.1080/00140130903389050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. H. K., M. F. Li, A. Lai, and M. H. Pope. 2011. “Effect of Load Carriage on Spinal Compression.” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41: 219–223.10.1016/j.ergon.2011.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, C. 2007. Orthopedic Manual Therapy: An Evidence-based Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Devroey, C., I. Jonkers, A. De Becker, G. Lenaerts, and A. Spaepen. 2007. “Evaluation of the Effect of Backpack Load and Position during Standing and Walking Using Biomechanical, Physiological and Subjective Measures.” Ergonomics 50: 728–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockrell, S., C. Simms, and C. Blake. 2013. “Schoolbag Weight Limit: Can It Be Defined?” Journal of School Health 83: 368–377.10.1111/josh.12040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foissac, M., G. Y. Millet, A. Geyssant, P. Freychat, and A. Belli. 2009. “Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Backpacks and Their Influence on the Energetics of Walking.” Journal of Biomechanics 42: 125–130.10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.10.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghandforoush, P. 1993. “Optimal Allocation of Time in a Hospital Pharmacy Using Goal Programming.” European Journal of Operational Research 70 (2): 191–198.10.1016/0377-2217(93)90038-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghufran, S., S. Khowaja, and M. J. Ahsan. 2015. “Optimum Multivariate Stratified Double Sampling Design: Chebyshev’s Goal Programming Approach.” Journal of Applied Statistics 42 (5): 1032–1042.10.1080/02664763.2014.995603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman, S. D., K. Bridwell, J. R. Dimar, W. Horton, S. Berven, and F. Schwab. 2005. “The Impact of Positive Sagittal Balance in Adult Spinal Deformity.” Spine 30: 2024.10.1097/01.brs.0000179086.30449.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodgold, S., M. Corcoran, D. Gamache, J. Gillis, J. Guerin, and J. Q. Coyle. 2002. “Backpack Use in Children.” Pediatric Physical Therapy 14: 122.10.1097/00001577-200214030-00002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grimmer, K., B. Dansie, S. Milanese, U. Pirunsan, and P. Trott. 2002. “Adolescent Standing Postural Response to Backpack Loads: A Randomised Controlled Experimental Study.” BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 3: 10.10.1186/1471-2474-3-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller, M. F., J. H. Challis, and N. A. Sharkey. 2009. “Changes in Postural Sway as a Consequence of Wearing a Military Backpack.” Gait & Posture 30: 115–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuscher, Z., D. P. Gilkey, J. L. Peel, and C. A. Kennedy. 2010. “The Association of Self-reported Backpack Use and Backpack Weight with Low Back Pain among College Students.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 33 (6): 432–437.10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holewijn, M. 1990. “Physiological Stain due to Load Carrying.” European Jouranl of Applied Phisiology and Occupational Phsiology 61: 237–245.10.1007/BF00357606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., and C. Cheung. 2003. “Gait and Posture Responses to Backpack Load during Level Walking in Children.” Gait & Posture 17: 28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., J. X. Li, A. S. K. Wong, and P. D. Robinson. 2000. “Effects of Load Carriage on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Energy Expenditure in Children.” Ergonomics 43: 717–727.10.1080/001401300404698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., J. Li, and D. T. Fong. 2008. “Effect of Prolonged Walking with Backpack Loads on Trunk Muscle Activity and Fatigue in Children.” Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 18: 990–996.10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough, P. A., M. Nel, J. E. Smit, E. Malan, D. W. Van, A. F. Deacon, L. Grobler, and A. M. Bester. 2006. “The Influence of Carrying a School Bag on the Developing Spine.” Children’s Health Care 35: 339–348.10.1207/s15326888chc3504_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, B., X. Shan, J. Zhou, and X. Ning. 2014. “The Effects Stance Width and Foot Pressure on Lumbar Muscle Flexion-relaxation Phenomenon.” Clinical Biomechanics 29: 311–316.10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaratne, K., K. Jacobs, and D. Fernando. 2012. “Global Healthy Backpack Initiatives.” Work (Reading, Mass.) 41 (Suppl 1): 5553–5557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, D., and M. Tamiz. 2010. Practical Goal Programming, 23–42. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4419-5771-9
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, C., O. Kassab, D. Gilkey, S. Linnel, and D. Morris. 2008. “Psychosocial Factors and Low Back Pain among College Students.” Journal of American College Health 57 (2): 191–196.10.3200/JACH.57.2.191-196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, J., E. Harman, and K. Reynolds. 1996. “Load Carriage Using Packs: A Review of Physiological, Biomechanical and Medical Aspects.” Applied Ergonomics 27 (3): 207–216.10.1016/0003-6870(96)00013-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, J. J., K. L. Reynolds, and E. Harman. 2004. “Soldier Load Carriage: Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects.” Military Medicine 169 (1): 45–56.10.7205/MILMED.169.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korovessis, P., G. Koureas, S. Zacharatos, and Z. Papazisis. 2005. “Backpacks, Back Pain, Sagittal Spinal Curves and Trunk Alignment in Adolescents.” Spine 30: 247–255.10.1097/01.brs.0000150505.59690.1b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFiandra, M., R. C. Wagenaar, K. G. Holt, and J. P. Obusek. 2003. “How Do Load Carriage and Walking Speed Influence Trunk Coordination and Stride Parameters?” Journal of Biomechanics 36: 87–95.10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00243-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboeuf-Yde, C., and K. O. Kyvik. 1998. “At What Age Does Low Back Pain Become a Common Problem?.” Spine 23: 228–234 (Phila Pa 1976).10.1097/00007632-199801150-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leboeuf-Yde, C., R. Fejer, J. Nielsen, K. O. Kyvik, and J. Hartvigsen. 2012. “Pain in the Three Spinal Regions: The Same Disorder? Data from a Population-based Sample of 34,902 Danish Adults.” Chiropractic & Manual Therapies 20 (1): 11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legg, S. J., and C. O. Cruz. 2004. “Effect of Single and Double Strap Backpacks on Lung Function.” Ergonomics 47: 318–323.10.1080/0014013032000157878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Y. Hong, and P. Robinson. 2003. “The Effect of Load Carriage on Movement Kinematics and Respiratory Parameters in Children during Walking.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 90: 35–43.10.1007/s00421-003-0848-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom-Hazel, D. 2009. “The Backpack Problem is Evident but the Solution is Less Obvious.” Work (Reading, Mass.) 32: 329–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lloyd, R., and C. B. Cooke. 2000. “The Oxygen Consumption with Unloaded Walking and Load Carriage Using Two Different Backpack Designs.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 81: 486–492.10.1007/s004210050072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, G. N. 2011. “Backpacks in Children.” Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 40: 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Macias, B. R., G. Murthy, H. Chambers, and A. R. Hargens. 2005. “High Contact Pressure beneath Backpack Straps of Children Contributes to Pain.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 159: 1186–1188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mac-Thiong, J., E. E. Transfeldt, A. A. Mehbod, J. H. Perra, F. Denis, T. A. Garvey, J. E. Lonstein, C. Wu, C. W. Dorman, and R. B. Winter. 2009. “Can C7 Plumbline and Gravity Line Predict Health Related Quality of Life in Adult Scoliosis?” Spine 34: E519–E527.10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a9c7ad
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mac-Thiong, J., H. Labelle, and P. Roussouly. 2011. “Pediatric Sagittal Alignment.” European Spine Journal 20: 586–590.10.1007/s00586-011-1925-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mcllroy, W. E., and B. E. Maki. 1997. “Preferred Placement of the Feet during Quiet Stance: Development of a Standardizedfoor Placement for Balance Testing.” Clinical Biomechanics 12 (1): 66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minghelli, B., R. Oliveira, and C. Nunes. 2014. “Non-Specific Low Back Pain in Adolescents from the South of Portugal: Prevalence and Associated Factors.” Journal of Orthopaedic Science 19: 883–892.10.1007/s00776-014-0626-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. J., G. L. White, and D. L. Moore. 2007. “Association of Relative Backpack Weight with Reported Pain, Pain Sites, Medical Utilization, and Lost School Time in Children and Adolescents.” Journal of School Health 77: 232–239.10.1111/josh.2007.77.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motmans, R. R., S. Tomlow, and D. Vissers. 2006. “Trunk Muscle Activity in Different Modes of Carrying Schoolbags.” Ergonomics 49: 127–138.10.1080/00140130500435066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini, S., and R. Carabalona. 2002. “Backpacks on! Schoolchildren’s Perceptions of Load, Associations with Back Pain and Factors Determining the Load.” Spine 27: 187–195.10.1097/00007632-200201150-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini, S., and A. Negrini. 2007. “Postural Effects of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Loads on the Spines of Schoolchildren.” Scoliosis 2:8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Negrini, S., E. Politano, R. Carabalona, L. Tartarotti, and M. L. Marchetti. 2004. “The Backpack Load in Schoolchildren: Clinical and Social Importance, and Efficacy of a Community-based Educational Intervention. A Prospective Controlled Cohort Study.” Europa Medicophysica 40: 185–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onofrio, A. C., M. C. Silva, M. R. Domingues, and A. J. Rombaldi. 2012. “Acute Low Back Pain in High School Adolescents in Southern Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors.” European Spine Journal 21: 1234–1240.10.1007/s00586-011-2056-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orloff, H. A., and C. M. Rapp. 2004. “The Effects of Load Carriage on Spinal Curvature and Posture.” Spine 29: 1325–1329.10.1097/01.BRS.0000127185.74191.B1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe, D. D., D. E. Pascoe, Y. T. Wang, D. Shim, and C. K. Kim. 1997. “Influence of Carrying Book Bags on Gait Cycle and Posture of Youths.” Ergonomics 40: 631–640.10.1080/001401397187928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscione, J., and D. Gamet. 2006. “Effect of Mechanical Compression due to Load Carrying on Shoulder Muscle Fatigue during Sustained Isometric Arm Abduction: An Electromyographic Study.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 97: 573–581.10.1007/s00421-006-0221-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, N. P., K. S. Narendra, and J. Cholewicki. 2007. “Spine Stability: The Six Blind Men and the Elephant.” Clinical Biomechanics 22: 266–274.10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramprasad, M., J. Alias, and A. Raghuveer. 2010. “Effect of Backpack Weight on Postural Angles in Preadolescent Children.” Indian Pediatrics 47: 575–580.10.1007/s13312-010-0130-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rateau, M. R. 2004. “Use of Backpacks in Children and Adolescents. A Potential Contributor of Back Pain.” Orthopedic Nursing 23: 101–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeves, N. P., K. S. Narendra, and J. Cholewicki. 2011. “Spine Stability: Lessons from Balancing a Stick.” Clinical Biomechanics 26: 325–330.10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Soto, A. E., R. Jaworski, A. Jensen, B. Niederberger, A. R. Hargens, L. R. Frank, K. R. Kelly, and S. R. Ward. 2013. “Effect of Load Carriage on Lumbar Spine Kinematics.” Spine 38: E783–E791.10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheir-Neiss, G., R. W. Kruse, T. Rahman, L. P. Jacobson, and J. A. Pelli. 2003. “The Association of Backpack Use and Back Pain in Adolescents.” Spine 28: 922–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B., K. M. Ashton, D. Bohl, R. C. Clark, J. B. Metheny, and S. Klassen. 2006. “Influence of Carrying a Backpack on Pelvic Tilt, Rotation, and Obliquity in Female College Students.” Gait & Posture 23: 263–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuempfle, K. J., D. G. Drury, and A. L. Wilson. 2004. “Effect of Load Position on Physiological and Perceptual Responses during Load Carriage with an Internal Frame Backpack.” Ergonomics 47: 784–789.10.1080/0014013042000193264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamiz, M., D. Jones, and C. Romero. 1998. “Goal Programming for Decision Making: An Overview of the Current State-of-the-art.” European Journal of Operational Research 111 (3): 569–581.10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00317-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevelyan, F., and S. Legg. 2011. “Risk Factors Associated with Back Pain in New Zealand School Children.” Ergonomics 54: 257–262.10.1080/00140139.2010.547608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troussier, B., P. Davoine, R. de Gaudemaris, J. Fauconnier, and X. Phelip. 1994. “Back Pain in School Children. A Study among 1178 p. Pils.” Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 26: 143–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vacheron, J., G. Poumarat, R. Chandezon, and G. Vanneuville. 1999. “Changes of Contour of the Spine Caused by Load Carrying.” Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 21: 109–113.10.1007/s00276-999-0109-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willems, J. M., G. A. Jull, and J. Ng. 1996. “An in Vivo Study of the Primary and Coupled Rotations of the Thoracic Spine.” Clinical Biomechanics 11: 311–316.10.1016/0268-0033(96)00017-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, S. C., G. M. Gutierrez, W. Ling, R. Magill, and A. McDonough. 2012. “Coordination Variability during Load Carriage Walking: Can It Contribute to Low Back Pain?” Human Movement Science 31 (5): 1286–1301.10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zultowski, I., and A. Aruin. 2008. “Carrying Loads and Postural Sway in Standing: The Effect of Load Placement and Magnitude.” Work (Reading, Mass) 30: 359–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar